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Soil Acidity and Liming: Basic Information for Farmers and Gardeners

By: Luke Gatiboni, David Hardy SoilFacts

An introduction to soil acidity and liming for farmers and gardeners to increase crop income and improve lawn and garden performance. Topics covered include soil pH, soil testing, liming standards and application and incorporation of lime into soil.

Herbicide Carryover in Hay, Manure, Compost, and Grass Clippings

By: Jeanine Davis, Sue Ellen Johnson, Katie Jennings

Many farmers and home gardeners have reported damage to vegetable and flower crops after applying horse or livestock manure, compost, hay, or grass clippings to the soil. The symptoms reported include poor seed germination; death of young plants; twisted, cupped, and elongated leaves; misshapen fruit; and reduced yields. These symptoms can be caused by other factors, including diseases, insects, and herbicide drift. Another possibility for the source of these crop injuries should also be considered: the presence of certain herbicides in the manure, compost, hay, or grass clippings applied to the soil.

2024 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual

By: College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

This manual, updated every year, covers pesticide use and safety information, chemical application equipment, fertilizer use, insect control, chemical weed control, plant growth regulators, animal damage control and disease control.

Packaging Requirements for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

By: Mike Boyette, D. C. Sanders, G. A. Rutledge Postharvest Technology Series

This publication describes types of packaging for fresh fruits and vegetables, including each packaging's functions, uses and limitations.

Weed Identification in Pastures, Hayfields, and Sprayfields

By: Becky Spearman, Michelle Shooter, Tiffanee Conrad, Dan Wells, Randy Wood

This publication is designed to help you identify common weeds found in southeastern North Carolina pastures, hayfields, and sprayfields. It presents descriptions and pictures of some of the most common weeds, and it provides references for other weeds that are not in this publication. Weeds are categorized here as broadleaf, grass, or other, and as warm season or cool season. This publication does not recommend specific chemical control methods because differences in situations, rapidly changing labels, and new products make generalized recommendations impractical.

Damping-off in Flower and Vegetable Seedlings

By: Inga Meadows, Suzette Sharpe, Michelle Henson Ornamental Disease Information

This factsheet offers information on damping off in flower and vegetable seedlings, a result of fungi present in the growing medium.

Soil Sampling Strategies for Site-Specific Field Management

By: Rob Austin, Luke Gatiboni, John Havlin SoilFacts

This factsheet for farmers describes concepts, terminology, and guidelines concerning soil sampling. Proper testing allows farmers to apply the correct amount of lime and fertilizer to fields.

Chapter 3: Crop Production Management - Corn

By: Ron Heiniger, Dominic Reisig, Daisy Ahumada

This chapter of the North Carolina Organic Commodities Production Guide covers key management practices for organic corn production: hybrid selection, planting date, crop rotation, soil fertility and plant reproduction, and propagation.

The Soybean Plant

By: Katherine Drake Stowe, Rachel Vann

This publication, chapter 1 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide, describes the soybean plant and its various growth stages.

Best Management Practices for Agricultural Nutrients

By: Ekrem Ozlu, Deanna Osmond, Daniel Line, Luke Gatiboni, Steph Kulesza SoilFacts

This factsheet for farmers describes ways to control the harmful effects of excess nutrients while maintaining healthy, productive farm crops. Steps covered include testing your soil and following the soil testing recommendations, setting realistic yield goals, choosing the most suitable nitrogen sources, applying nitrogen correctly, using manure as a nutrient source, controlling erosion, managing water flow and fencing animals away from water flow.

Pests of Beans and Peas

By: Kenneth Sorensen, James Baker, Cathy Cameron Carter, David Stephan

This factsheet, part of the Insect and Related Pests of Vegetables publication, includes an identification key and descriptions of pests that affect bean and pea production.

Weed Management in Watermelon

By: Katie Jennings, Matthew Bertucci

This publication discusses weeds common to watermelon and how to control them. Weed management strategies include mechanical control, cultural control, and herbicide recommendations for grasses and broadleaf weeds such as Palmer amaranth and sedge weed species.

Winter Annual Cover Crops

By: Luke Gatiboni, Chris Reberg-Horton SoilFacts

This publication discusses production of winter annual cover crops, their benefits and management. Research has shown several important benefits of planting winter annual cover crops, chief among them erosion control, addition of nitrogen (N) to the soil for use by a subsequent crop, removal of nitrogen from the soil to prevent nutrient loading, buildup of soil organic matter and buildup of residue that acts as a mulch for water conservation or retention.

Swine Manure as a Fertilizer Source

By: Steph Kulesza, Mahmoud Sharara SoilFacts

This factsheet explains the three factors of proper swine manure management: the nutrient content of the manure, the percentages of those nutrients that are available to the plant and the nutrient requirements of the plant.

2024 Peanut Information

By: David L. Jordan, Dustin Auman, Rick L. Brandenburg, Greg Buol, Ashley Collins, Jeff Dorfman, Jeffrey Dunne, Ethan Foote, Adrienne Gorny, LeAnn Lux, Dominic Reisig, Gary T. Roberson, Brian Royals, Barbara Shew, Derek Washburn

This guide for growers, updated annually, provides information on production and pest management practices applicable to growing peanuts in North Carolina.

Miscanthus: An Environmental Choice for Marginal Lands

By: Andrew Hillman, Sierra Young, Mari Chinn, Chadi Sayde

This publication discusses the environmental benefits of planting miscanthus — a tall, perennial grass — on lands that otherwise have poor results with traditional row crops.

Forages for North Carolina: General Guidelines and Concepts

By: Miguel Castillo, Paul Mueller, Jim Green

This publication is an overview of forage species and their use in livestock production systems in North Carolina.

Gray Mold of Industrial Hemp

By: Shelby Ferrell, Lindsey Thiessen Industrial Hemp Disease Information

Gray mold of industrial hemp is common to most regions that produce this crop. It is favored by cool, wet conditions, and may cause significant losses.

Bacterial Blight of Cotton

By: Daisy Ahumada Cotton Disease Information

This factsheet describes bacterial blight of cotton, including identification and disease management.

North Carolina Soybean Production Guide

By: Katherine Drake Stowe, Rachel Vann, Carl Crozier, Gary Bullen, Jim Dunphy, Wesley Everman, Luke Gatiboni, Adrienne Gorny, David Hardy, Ryan Heiniger, Steph Kulesza, Deanna Osmond, Nick Piggott, Dominic Reisig, Gary Roberson, Heidi Schweizer, Lindsey Thiessen, Derek Washburn

This publication provides information to growers about soybean production in North Carolina. It discusses economic trends and forecasts, cultural practices, variety selection, planting decisions, nutrient management, diseases and pests, and other production practices.

Legal Issues Surrounding Due Diligence for Solar Development

By: Robert Andrew Branan Farm Law for Operators and Landowners

This publication is designed to help landowners learn whether their property might be a candidate for a solar lease and what to expect when a solar developer performs due diligence. It also provides a description of legal issues that may arise, such as unclear ownership, zoning restrictions, and other encumbrances such as liens, easements, and existing leases.

Precision Agriculture Technology: Choosing a UAV and Sensor for Agricultural Applications

By: Jason Ward, Ryan Phillips, Enrique Pena Martinez, Sierra Young, Gary Roberson

This publication provides information about unmanned aerial vehicles and what to consider when choosing a drone for precision agriculture applications. Topics include restrictions, definitions, needs assessment, equipment options, and information processing.

Proper Postharvest Cooling and Handling Methods

By: Mike Boyette, L. G. Wilson, Ed Estes Postharvest Technology Series

This publication provides information on cooling basics, common produce cooling methods and other steps for maintaining quality.

2024 Cotton Information

By: Keith L. Edmisten, Daisy Ahumada, Charles W. Cahoon, Guy D. Collins, Jeffrey H. Dorfman, Luke Gatiboni, Adrienne Gorny, Anders Huseth, Dominic Reisig, Rachel Atwell Vann, Derek Washburn, David H. Hardy

2024 Cotton Information is meant to help growers plan for the coming year and make management decisions based on the unique opportunities and challenges the year might bring.

Lease Considerations for Landowners and Farmers

By: Robert Andrew Branan Farm Law for Operators and Landowners

This publication covers the basics of leasing land for farming operations, from both a landowner and tenant perspective.

Measuring Soil Water for Irrigation Scheduling: Monitoring Methods and Devices

By: Robert Evans, Donald Cassel, R.E. Sneed

This publication provides information you will need for measuring soil water: types of soil-water measuring devices, how to select the right measuring device and how to prepare and install these devices.

Soil, Water and Crop Characteristics Important to Irrigation Scheduling

By: Robert Evans, Donald Cassel, R.E. Sneed

This publication presents basic information on factors (veil, water and plant relationships) to be considered in developing an effective irrigation schedule.

Chapter 4: Crop Production Management - Wheat and Small Grains

By: Randy Weisz, Christina Cowger, Dominic Reisig, David Suchoff

This chapter of the North Carolina Organic Commodities Production Guide covers key management practices for organic wheat and small grain production: crop rotation, tillage, variety selection, planting date, seeding rates and drill operation, soil fertility, and harvest.

Calibrating a Backpack Sprayer

By: Gary Roberson

This brochure goes over calibration guidelines for backpack or knapsack sprayers.

Forage Quality: Concepts and Practices

By: J.J. Romero, Miguel Castillo, J.C. Burns, Shannon Davidson, Philipe Moriel

In this publication, we describe the factors that affect forage quality and discuss prediction indices that can be used to assign a science-based measure of quality to forages.

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (North Carolina)

By: Jim Walgenbach

Brown marmorated stink bug description, life history, damage, and control.

Adaptive Wheat Management: Increasing Wheat Yield by Adjusting for Weather Conditions

By: Ron Heiniger, Matthew Tilley, Joseph Oakes, Angela Post, Gail Wilkerson

Variable growing environments for wheat can lead to challenges from one season to another. Adaptive management is a system of adjusting management practices based on weather fluctuations. This publication provides information on how environmental extremes influence wheat growth and how to implement adaptive management practices for optimal wheat yield.

Glyphosate

By: Joe Neal, Travis Gannon Herbicide Information Factsheets

This pesticide factsheet covers the use and characteristics of the herbicide, glyphosate.

Poultry Litter as a Fertilizer Source

By: Steph Kulesza, Mahmoud Sharara SoilFacts

This factsheet describes the nutrient composition of poultry manure and land application techniques based on matching the nutritional requirements of the crop with the nutrients available in manure. This publication also includes a worksheet to determine the nutrient needs of your crop.

Interpreting Freeze / Frost Probabilities from the National Centers for Environmental Information

By: Natalie Nelson, Layla El-Khoury, Mike Boyette

This publication discusses how to find information about frost and freeze probability data in North Carolina and how to use these resources to make planting and harvesting decisions.

Root Knot Nematode of Tobacco

By: Daisy Ahumada, Adrienne Gorny Tobacco Disease Information

Nematodes are an economically important pest for flue-cured tobacco production. Root knot nematode is particularly damaging due to the wide host range and number of species of root knot nematode found in North Carolina.

Corn Ear Rots: Managing Mold and Mycotoxins

By: Daisy Ahumada Corn Disease Information

Corn ear rot is a disease of corn caused by various types of fungi, including Fusarium spp. , Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp., and Stenocarpella maydis (Diplodia Ear Rot). Ear rot diseases in corn are characterized by the molding and decay of corn ears. Environmental conditions, the susceptibility of the variety to disease, and previous disease populations in the field contribute to the emergence of corn ear rot and the severity of corn yield loss.

Present Use Value: Transferring Property Enrolled in Present Use Value Property Taxation

By: Robert Andrew Branan, Rajan Parajuli Farm Law for Operators and Landowners

This publication provides an overview of the Present-Use Value (PUV) property tax program in North Carolina, with an emphasis on disposition and transfer situations that may imperil continued enrollment.

Selection and Management of Efficient Center-Pivot and Linear Move Irrigation Systems

By: Robert Evans, R.E. Sneed

The center pivot and linear-move type irrigation systems are usually the most practical system for irrigating large, rectangular or regular shaped fields. Selection and management considerations for center pivot and linear-move type systems are discussed in this article.

Growing Cotton for Ornamental, Educational, Non-Commercial, or Atypical Commercial Reasons in North Carolina

By: Guy Collins, Keith Edmisten, Bill Foote, Joy Goforth

This publication provides information about steps and procedures for growing cotton for alternative purposes. It includes details on regulatory compliance, seed sourcing, and harvesting and ginning.

Dairy Manure as a Fertilizer Source

By: Steph Kulesza, Mahmoud Sharara SoilFacts

This factsheet explains how to use dairy manure as a fertilizer source. Included are descriptions of nutrient content, application rates and application methods to ensure optimum benefit from the manure. A worksheet is provided for calculating application rates.

Peanut Leaf Spots

By: Barbara Shew

This factsheet covers the signs, symptoms, and control of early leaf spot in peanuts in North Carolina.

Controlled Drainage – An Important Practice to Protect Water Quality That Can Enhance Crop Yields

By: Chad Poole, Mike Burchell, Mohamed Youssef

This publication discusses how to use controlled drainage as way to to reduce nutrient losses from agricultural land to surface waters and groundwater. It includes information on controlled drainage systems, structure location and management, and water quality and crop yield benefits.

Starter Phosphorus Fertilizer and Additives in North Carolina Soils: Use, Placement, and Plant Response

By: Luke Gatiboni, Deanna Osmond, David Hardy, Steph Kulesza SoilFacts

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important nutrient in crop production but is often found in relatively low amounts in native soils. Decades of fertilizer application have led to P enrichment of most North Carolina agricultural soils. Excess soil P that leaves agricultural fields via runoff and drainage can cause algal blooms in water resources that lead to impaired drinking water quality and can limit recreational activities. Maintaining adequate soil P levels for crop growth can reduce P runoff, save money, and protect the environment

Soybean Facts

By: Katherine Drake Stowe

This publication, chapter 11 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide, presents some facts and figures about soybeans and their production.

Size Matters: Accounting for Hemp Seed Size When Calibrating Your Grain Drill

By: David Suchoff, Shannon Henriquez Inoa

This article highlights the difference in grain and fiber hemp seed size and the importance of calculating seed rates.

Pests of Sweetpotato

By: Kenneth Sorensen, James Baker, Cathy Cameron Carter, David Stephan

This factsheet, part of the Insect and Related Pests of Vegetables publication, includes an identification key and descriptions of pests that affect sweetpotatoes.

Soybean Cyst Nematode

By: Adrienne Gorny, LeAnn Lux Soybean Disease Information

Soybean cyst nematode limits yields in every major soybean production region worldwide. This disease note describes SCN in North Carolina and its management.

Tobacco Greenhouse Production

By: Matthew Vann, Matt Inman, Tyler Whaley, Hannah Burrack, Lindsey Thiessen

This publication provides at-a-glance information for growing tobacco in greenhouses, including sanitation practices, source water analysis, fertilizer management, disease control, and insect control.

Weed Management

By: Wesley Everman

This publication, chapter 7 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide, addresses weed management in soybean production.

Chapter 5: Crop Production Management - Organic Soybeans

By: Dominic Reisig, Chris Reberg-Horton, Rachel Vann, DJ Stokes, LeAnn Lux

This chapter of the North Carolina Organic Commodities Production Guide covers key management practices for organic soybean production: variety selection, planting times, plant population, and crop rotation.

Black Shank of Tobacco

By: Daisy Ahumada Tobacco Disease Information

Black shank is an economically important disease of tobacco that threatens production in North Carolina. This factsheet provides information about the causal organism (Phytophthora nicotianae) and its management.

Fertilization and Nutrient Management

By: David Hardy, Steph Kulesza, Luke Gatiboni

This publication, chapter 6 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide, covers fertilization and nutrient management in soybean production.

Insect and Related Pests of Vegetables

By: Kenneth Sorensen, James Baker, Cathy Cameron Carter, David Stephan

This publication includes a key to identifying insects that can affect vegetable production. Asparagus, beans and peas, carrots, crucifers, cucurbits, eggplant, lettuce, okra, onions, peppers, potatoes, sweet corn, sweetpotatoes, and tomatoes are covered specifically.

Postharvest Cooling and Handling of Sweet Corn

By: Mike Boyette, L. G. Wilson, Ed Estes Postharvest Cooling and Handling of North Carolina Fresh Produce

This factsheet acquaints growers, shippers and processors with energy-efficient cooling and handling methods useful in preserving the quality of fresh sweet corn.

Organic Sweet Corn Production

By: Jeanine Davis Horticulture Information Leaflets

Many organic vegetable farmers are interested in producing sweet corn. Organic sweet corn can be grown in North Carolina and throughout the Southeast, but special considerations for variety selection, insect and disease control, economics, and markets must be made for it to be a profitable crop.

Sweetpotato Root Knot Nematode

By: Lina Quesada-Ocampo Vegetable Pathology Factsheets

This factsheet discusses the identification and management of root knot nematode of sweetpotato.

Root-Knot Nematode of Cotton

By: Daisy Ahumada, Adrienne Gorny Cotton Disease Information

Cotton root-knot nematodes are capable of causing significant losses to cotton production. In addition to direct damage, root-knot nematodes allow for secondary pathogens to impact yields. This publication describes root-knot nematodes and their management in cotton.

Soybean Seedling Diseases

By: Ashley Joyce, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Soybean seedling disease is caused by several different pathogens. While cultural management is the same across seedling diseases, chemical management may differ depending on prevalent pathogen and environmental conditions.

Soybean Production and Marketing in North Carolina

By: Heidi Schweizer, Nick Piggott, Derek Washburn

This publication, chapter 2 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide, discusses the soybean market in the United States and managing price risk for North Carolina soybean farmers.

Irrigation Water Quality Problems

By: Charles Peacock, Grady Miller, Matt Martin

This publication offers information on water quality challenges in irrigation water.

Sulfur Fertilization of North Carolina Crops

By: Luke Gatiboni, David Hardy SoilFacts

Adequate sulfur is necessary for crops, but there’s no one-size-fits-all recommendation for application in North Carolina. Best management practices take sulfur removal and incidental sulfur inputs for the entire crop rotation, soil type and profile depth layers and soil and plant analysis results.

Corn Rusts: Common and Southern Rust

By: Daisy Ahumada Corn Disease Information

Common and southern corn rusts may affect corn in North Carolina. Management for each is specific to the rust, and proper identification is necessary to determine the appropriate tools to use.

Brown Spot of Tobacco

By: Marilú Salazar, Yara Rosado Rivera, Lindsey Thiessen Tobacco Disease Information

Brown spot is a disease of increasing importance in flue cured tobacco production.This disease is most severe on mature or otherwise injured tobacco.

Cotton Seedling Diseases

By: Daisy Ahumada Cotton Disease Information

Seedling diseases are a major disease concern for North Carolina cotton production. Numerous fungi are capable of causing seedling disease, and potential damages are heavily influenced by environmental conditions.

Planting Decisions

By: Rachel Vann, Jim Dunphy, Adrienne Gorny, Dominic Reisig, Gary Roberson

This publication, chapter 5 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide, discusses soybean planting decisions, including planting dates, depth, and seeding equipment calibration.

Hemp Leaf Tissue Nutrient Ranges: Refinement of Reference Standards for Floral Hemp

By: David Suchoff, Michelle McGinnis, Jeanine Davis, Brian Whipker, Kristin Hicks

As a newly legal crop, little information exists about optimum nutrient levels in hemp. This publication provides additional information on hemp leaf tissue nutrient ranges from a survey conducted between 2017 and 2020.

Twospotted Spider Mite

By: Jim Walgenbach

Twospotted spider mite description, life history, damage, and control.

Alternative Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilizer Products for Row Crop Production

By: Deanna Osmond, Luke Gatiboni SoilFacts

Nitrogen fertilizer products are being developed and marketed as having the potential to increase yields and nutrient use efficiency, and decrease volatilization (gas). How do these products actually perform on different soils and row crops, under various climatic conditions? This publication summarizes findings from recent studies that investigated alternative nitrogen fertilizer products for row crops in four North Carolina regions.

Root Knot Nematode of Soybean

By: Ashley Joyce, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Root knot nematodes can cause significant damages to soybean fields in North Carolina. This factsheet describes the different species of root knot nematodes and their management in soybean production.

Alternative Product Demonstration and Research Guidelines for Extension Agents

By: Deanna Osmond, Luke Gatiboni, Robert Richardson, Hannah Burrack, Lindsey Thiessen, Joe Neal, Katie Jennings

This publication provides guidance to Extension agents on how to design and conduct trials and demonstrations on alternative products for plant and soil health and pest and disease control purposes. It provides standardized experimental design criteria and best practices for planning and executing trials for these products.

Getting Data from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Using R

By: Sheila Saia, Natalie Nelson, Jason Ward

This publication provides information and guidance on using computer code to access the National Agricultural Statistics Service's survey data to view data from multiple years, crops, and other categories.

Changes in the Phosphorus Fertilizer Recommendations for Corn, Soybean, and Small Grains in North Carolina

By: Luke Gatiboni, David Hardy, Deanna Osmond SoilFacts

This publication provides updated recommendations for phosphorus fertilizer application in corn, soybean, and small grains crops. It includes background and historical information about phosphorus critical levels, phosphorus rate recommendations, phosphorus accumulation in soils, and changes in recommendations.

Peanut Production Practices

By: David L. Jordan

This publication, chapter 3 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, describes stand establishment and variety selection and characteristics for peanut production.

Production and Utilization of Stockpiled Tall Fescue: Understanding the Basic Concepts

By: Miguel Castillo, Joseph Burns, Stephanie Sosinski

This publication discusses the basic concepts of stockpiling as a forage management practice, including the purpose of stockpiling, which grasses can be stockpiled, nutritive valued of stockpiled tall fescue, and fertilization management.

Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) Inhibitors

By: Doug Goodale, Joe Neal, Katie Jennings Herbicide Injury Factsheets

This factsheet describes the symptoms of an ALS inhibitor herbicide injury.

Granville Wilt of Tobacco

By: Daisy Ahumada Tobacco Disease Information

This factsheet shares the symptoms and control of Granville Wilt, a devastating disease of tobacco in North Carolina.

Chapter 6: Crop Production Management - Flue-Cured Tobacco

By: Matthew Vann, Daisy Ahumada, Maggie James, David Suchoff

This chapter of the North Carolina Organic Commodities Production Guide covers key management practices for organic flue-cured tobacco production.

Insect Management

By: Dominic Reisig

This publication, chapter 9 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide, covers common insects and their control in soybean production.

Asian Soybean Rust

By: Yara Rosado Rivera, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Although uncommonly observed in North Carolina, soybean rust can be a yield limiting disease for soybeans. Proper identification is important to developing a management strategy.

Lesion Nematode in Corn

By: Adrienne Gorny, Kelci Cox Corn Disease Information

Lesion nematodes are plant-parasitic roundworms that may cause damage in corn. This factsheet covers their signs and symptoms as well as management of the disease.

Understanding the Relationship between THC and CBD in Hemp

By: David Suchoff, Jeanine Davis, Margaret Bloomquist, Maggie Short

This publication discusses recent research that clarifies the relationship between CBD and THC produced in floral hemp. This information can help producers adhere to USDA compliance thresholds.

Potential for High Nitrate Levels in Drought-Stressed Corn Silage

By: Ron Heiniger, Jim Dunphy

This publication discusses elevated nitrate levels in drought-stressed corn silage, which can result in harm to humans and livestock.

Deep Soil Sampling for Nutrient Management

By: Steph Kulesza, Deanna Osmond, David Hardy SoilFacts

Soil samples that determine lime and fertilizer needs of crops routinely come from the top 4 to 8 inches of soil. However, deep soil samples will be needed for the Phosphorus Loss Assessment Tool (PLAT), and this publication describes how to take these 28- to 32-inch deep samples.

Effects of Wind-Induced Sodium Salts on Soils in Coastal Agricultural Fields

By: David Hardy, Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier, Matthew Ricker SoilFacts

This publication provides information on the impacts wind-driven events have on the soil fertility. Salt water from storm surges, ocean spray, and tidal surges may increase sodium levels in coastal soils, which can be toxic to plants.

Black Rot of Brassicas

By: Cecelia Stokes, Inga Meadows Vegetable Pathology Factsheets

This publication discusses symptoms and signs of black rot disease of Brassicas. The publication includes disease management practices for both conventional and organic growers.

Frogeye Leaf Spot of Tobacco

By: Andrew Ernst, Lindsey Thiessen Tobacco Disease Information

Frogeye leaf spot disease on flue-cured tobacco is caused by the fungal pathogen, Cercospora nicotianae. This disease has historically been an issue for ripe tobacco, but has become more common over the last couple of years. The disease is found most commonly on lower, more mature leaves of the plant, but can also affect green tissues. Infections are not often severe enough to impact yield, but, under conducive environmental conditions, can cause severe damage to leaves.

Planting, Harvesting, and Curing Peanuts

By: Gary T. Roberson

This publication, chapter 8 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, discusses the planting and harvesting methods of peanuts.

Harvesting, Drying, and Storage

By: Gary Roberson, Katherine Drake Stowe, Jim Dunphy

This publication, chapter 11 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide, describe harvesting, drying, and storing soybeans.

Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome

By: Sam Cude, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) first appeared in Arkansas in 1971 and has since spread to almost every soybean producing state. SDS rarely affects plants in North Carolina, but losses are seen when infections are concurrent with soybean cyst nematode infections or cool, wet environmental conditions. This factsheet describes SDS and its management in North Carolina.

Gray Leaf Spot in Corn

By: Daisy Ahumada Corn Disease Information

This corn disease information note offers information on the symptoms and management of gray leaf spot in corn production in North Carolina.

Tobacco - Manganese (Mn) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Manganese (Mn) deficiency begins as an interveinal chlorosis on the upper leaves. As the symptoms progress, the interveinal chlorosis takes on a white netting type appearance. With advanced symptoms, small white spots develop and over time the spots enlarge into larger white spots.

Forage Quality Indices for Selecting Hay

By: Miguel Castillo, Juan José Romero

This publication provides an overview of the differences in forage quality by reviewing a summary of forage hay samples submitted to the N.C. State Fair Forage Contest over a 20 year period. It also discusses tools for ranking the quality of forages.

The H-2A Visa Program in North Carolina

By: Alejandro Gutierrez-Li, Ph.D.

This factsheet shares some statistics about the H-2A visa program in North Carolina.

Soil Management Can Maximize Water Availability

By: Joshua L. Heitman, Jeffrey G. White SoilFacts

This publication discusses water capacity, soil's effect on water availability, and proper soil management to maximize water availability. Soil texture and structure, soil density, soil crusting, tillage and controlled traffic are covered.

Synthetic Auxins

By: Doug Goodale, Joe Neal, Katie Jennings Herbicide Injury Factsheets

This factsheet describes the symptoms of a synthetic auxin (SA) herbicide injury.

Agricultural Subsurface Drainage Cost in North Carolina

By: Chad Poole, Mohamed Youssef, Wayne Skaggs

Subsurface drainage is beneficial to agricultural lands by improving crop yield and eliminating prolonged wet periods without taking land out of production. This publication provides an overview of the costs of installing subsurface drainage on agricultural lands in North Carolina.

Scouting for Freeze Injury in North Carolina Winter Wheat

By: Angela Post, Ryan Heiniger

This factsheet discusses the signs and symptoms of freeze injury in winter wheat.

Cotton Foliar Diseases: Areolate Mildew, Target Spot, and Other Leaf Spot Diseases

By: Daisy Ahumada Cotton Disease Information

Areolate mildew, originating in Alabama in 1890, and target spot, first described in Mississippi in 1959, have both become increasingly prevalent across the southeastern United States over the past three decades.

Cotton Defoliation

By: Keith Edmisten, Guy Collins

This publication, chapter 12 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, discusses defoliation practices in cotton production.

Chapter 2: Organic Crop Production Systems

By: David Suchoff, Ron Heiniger, Chris Reberg-Horton

This chapter of the North Carolina Organic Commodities Production Guide defines the key components of organic production systems: crop sequence, crop management, soil management, and pest management.

Cylindrocladium Black Rot of Peanut

By: Barbara Shew

This factsheet offers information on the signs, symptoms, and control of cylindrocladium black rot in peanut production.

Chapter 6. Pruning and Training

By: Tony Wolf

This chapter discusses the principles of grapevine dormant pruning, reviews reasons for vine training, and describes systems appropriate for use in North Carolina. Profitable grape production requires that grapevines be managed so that a large area of healthy leaves is exposed to sunlight. Such vines are likely to produce large crops of high-quality fruit each year. Grapevines must be trained and pruned annually to achieve this goal. The training system chosen generally dictates how the vines are pruned. Thus, pruning practices and training systems are discussed together in this chapter.

Tobacco - Sulfur (S) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Sulfur (S) deficiency can easily be mistaken for nitrogen (N) deficiency in tobacco. The ability to distinguish between the two is very important to determining a corrective measure.

How Rising Fertilizer Prices Affect Optimum Nitrogen Rates

By: John Havlin, Geoff Benson SoilFacts

This publication helps farmers decide whether to reduce fertilization rates in order to achieve maximum profits due to increases in nitrogen fertilizer prices.

Selection and Management of Efficient Self-propelled Gun Traveler Irrigation System

By: Robert Evans, R.E. Sneed

The self-propelled gun type traveler system is usually the most practical system for irrigating irregular shaped fields. Selection and management considerations for self-propelled gun type systems are discussed in this article.

Cellulose Inhibitors, Indaziflam, and Isoxaben

By: Joe Neal, Doug Goodale, Katie Jennings, Wayne Mitchem Herbicide Injury Factsheets

This factsheet describes the symptoms of cellulose-inhibiting herbicide injuries.

US Flue-Cured Tobacco Situation and Outlook

By: Blake Brown, Derek Washburn, Matthew Vann

This publication, chapter 1 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, describes the current US tobacco market.

Managing Cereal Rye for Benefits in Cotton and Soybeans

By: Rachel Vann, Charlie Cahoon, Guy Collins

This publication discusses the use of cereal rye as a cover crop in soybeans in cotton to determine the effects on weed suppression and soil moisture retention in relation to yields.

Tobacco - Calcium (Ca) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Calcium (Ca) is essential for proper plant development and leaf expansion. A calcium deficiency will first manifest in the youngest foliage because Ca is an immobile element within the plant. As calcium deficiency progresses, the developmental damages will also advance. The integral role of Ca in leaf development makes its early diagnosis vital to tobacco production.

Postharvest Handling of Sweetpotatoes

By: Brooke A. Edmunds, Mike Boyette, Christopher A. Clark, Donald M. Ferrin, Tara P. Smith, Gerald Holmes

This publication has been prepared to acquaint growers, packers, and shippers with the most current information and recommendations for proper postharvest handling of sweetpotatoes.

Chapter 1: Introduction

By: David Suchoff, Chris Reberg-Horton, Hannah Moshay

The North Carolina Organic Commodities Production Guide provides farmers, Extension personnel and other agricultural educators with information about organic production, certification and marketing of crops. The introduction provides background context and additional resources on the topic.

Management Practices for Controlling Mycotoxins in Corn: A Three-Year Summary

By: Megan Molo, Ron Heiniger, Lea Boerema, Ignazio Carbone

This publication summarizes the findings of a three-year study that analyzed the effects of fungicides, bio controls, and Bt hybrids on reducing mycotoxins in corn. It reviews effectiveness, application rate, and yield for each control option.

Key Management Strategies to Increase North Carolina Soybean Yield: What We Have Learned From 877 Soybean Yield Contest Entries

By: Rachel Vann, Jim Dunphy, Katherine Drake-Stowe, Greg Buol

This publication, chapter 10 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide identifies the management strategies that have been the strongest predictors of high soybean yield based on decades of information gathered through the North Carolina Soybean Yield contests.

Tobacco - Boron (B) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Tobacco plants that are B deficient are stunted very early on in production when compared to healthy plants. Initial symptoms involve a noticeable distortion at the growing point. The youngest leaves will develop kinks and other unusual growth patterns. Additionally, the upper leaves will be very thick and brittle to the touch. It has a very distinct “ridged” feeling compared to healthy plants. Symptoms can progress very quickly once initial symptoms are observed. The distorted terminal bud will quickly become necrotic and may abscise from the plant. The older foliage will often become darker green in coloration and will also become distorted. The leaves will begin to curl downward and will take on a crinkled appearance.

Soybean Stem Canker

By: LeAnn Lux Soybean Disease Information

This soybean disease factsheet describes southern stem canker, a disease of soybeans in North Carolina.

Producing Healthy Transplants in a Float System

By: Matthew C. Vann, Maggie James, Loren R. Fisher

This publication, chapter 4 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, discusses tobacco management practices that improve stands and promote uniform growth.

Weed Management in Cotton

By: Charlie W. Cahoon, Alan C. York

This publication, chapter 10 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, covers weed management practices for cotton production.

Potato Leafhopper

By: Jim Walgenbach

Potato leafhopper description, life history, damage, and control.

Nonfoliar Yield Enhancement Products in North Carolina Soybeans

By: Rachel Vann, Jim Dunphy, Lindsey Thiessen, Michael Buffaloe

This publication discusses trends identified in how nonfoliar yield enhancement products affected soybean yield over the past five years across 15 locations in North Carolina.

Cercospora Leaf Blight of Soybean

By: Sarah Cochran, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Cercospora blight is a common foliar disease of soybeans in North Carolina. Early symptoms may mimic several other common soybean problems, and accurate diagnosis is important for selecting management practices.

Stubby-Root Nematode in Corn

By: Adrienne Gorny, Kelci Cox Corn Disease Information

Stubby-root nematodes are soilborne, plant-parasitic roundworms that may cause significant damage in corn. This publication covers the symptoms and disease management of the pathogen.

Establishing Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizer Rates for Floral Hemp Production

By: Maggie Short, Matthew Vann, David Suchoff, Michelle McGinnis, Keith Edmisten, Brian Whipker

This publication provides nitrogen and potassium fertilizer recommendations for optimum floral hemp yield and cannabidiol production while also understanding how nutrient rates affect THC production.

Cold Injury and Boron (B) Deficiency in Tobacco Seedlings

By: Loren Fisher, Deanna Osmond SoilFacts

This publication describes differences between cold injury and boron deficiency in tobacco seedlings grown in float greenhouses and provides management tips.

Tobacco - Boron (B) Toxicity

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Boron (B) is an essential element that frequently exhibits deficiency symptoms if it is in limited supply. Growers often apply additional B to avoid deficiencies, but if too much B is applied, there is the risk of B toxicity symptoms developing. Boron toxicities initially appear on the lower, older leaves. Early symptoms of boron toxicity will appear as wrinkling of the lower leaves and interveinal chlorosis along the leaf margin. The wrinkling is most likely caused by the lack of cell expansion when toxic levels of B are present. This wrinkling will develop across the leaf’s surface resulting in leaf deformation. Over time the interveinal chlorosis will move inward and develop over most of the leaf. Cells will rapidly die when excess B is supplied, resulting in necrotic spotting. With advanced symptomology, chlorosis and necrosis will progress up the plant to other leaves.

Photosystem II – Triazine Herbicides

By: Joe Neal, Douglas Goodale, Katie Jennings, Wayne Mitchem Herbicide Injury Factsheets

This factsheet describes the symptoms of a photosystem II (PS II) inhibitor herbicide injury.

Soybean Cold Damage

By: Rachel Vann, Donald Stokes

Cold damage in soybeans can emerge early or late in the season. This publication describes the symptoms and management of cold damage in soybeans in North Carolina.

Cannabis Aphid in Industrial Hemp

By: Melissa Pulkoski, Hannah Burrack

This factsheet discusses the biology, damage, and management of the cannabis aphid in industrial hemp in North Carolina.

Target Spot of Tobacco

By: Spencer Haroldson, Lindsey Thiessen Tobacco Disease Information

Target spot is a potentially devastating leaf spot disease in tobacco in North Carolina. This factsheet summarizes the signs and symptoms and offers treatment plans.

Soybean Mosaic Virus

By: Raymond Garcia Rodriguez, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the most prevalent and destructive viral pathogens of soybean worldwide. This soybean disease factsheet discusses the range, symptoms, disease cycle, and management of the virus in soybean production in North Carolina.

Grain Pea Production in North Carolina

By: Rachel Vann, Chris Reberg-Horton, Esleyther Henriquez Inoa

This publication discusses the findings of applied research conducted to answer production questions about growing grain peas in North Carolina. Topics include planting date, seeding rate, and variety selection.

Calcium (Ca) Deficiency of Carinata

By: Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon Gonzalez, Michael Mulvaney, Angela Post, Brian Whipker From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) research update, we highlight the symptoms of calcium deficiency. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop in the Southeast used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feedstock, high protein meal, and jet fuel. It is similar in management to canola given both canola and carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops. However, carinata oil is not edible.

Southern root-knot nematode in corn

By: Adrienne Gorny, Jennifer Duong Corn Disease Information

This factsheet describes and provides management recommendations for the Southern root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita, a widespread pest of corn in North Carolina.

Tobacco - Copper (Cu) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Copper (Cu) deficiency is extremely rare, consequently it is not normally seen in field conditions. To help with the diagnosis and treatment of Cu deficiency, we induced Cu stress under controlled greenhouse studies. In NC State University trials, symptoms first developed in the middle part of the plant. The middle region of the leaf developed brown veins, which quickly turned black. The tissue surrounding the veins became chlorotic. Symptoms progress up the plant to the younger leaves.

Tobacco - Potassium (K) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Potassium (K) is one of the three core macronutrients, and consequently, deficiency symptoms manifest relatively quickly in tobacco. Potassium is a mobile element, which means it will translocate from mature tissues to the younger tissues where it is needed. This movement of K from older to younger foliage is what causes deficiency symptoms to develop first on the lower foliage.

Tobacco - Zinc (Zn) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Zinc (Zn) deficiency has not been reported under field conditions. Most of the time, the soil will have enough micros to supplement any gaps in the chosen fertilizer plan. To present a more robust set of data, we induced zinc deficiency under controlled greenhouse studies for accurate diagnosis if the problem should arise. In NC State University trials, ornamental tobacco developed a silver cast to the leaves as the initial symptom of zinc deficiency.

Spined Stilt Bug in Tobacco

By: Peter Nelson, Hannah Burrack

The spined stilt is the most abundant predator insect in tobacco and is found in other economically important crops covered with trichomes, including tomatoes. This factsheet offers information on this pest.

Peanut Seed

By: David Jordan, Dustin Auman

This publication, chapter 2 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, presents information on peanut seed.

Cotton Production with Conservation Tillage

By: Keith Edmisten, Guy Collins, Rachel Vann

This publication, chapter 13 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, covers the role of conservation tillage as it relates to cotton production.

Disease Management in Cotton

By: Daisy Ahumada, Adrienne Gorny

This publication, chapter 9 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, covers disease management practices for cotton production.

Fertilization

By: Luke Gatiboni, David H. Hardy

This publication, chapter 7 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, provides information about fertilization for cotton crops.

The Cotton Plant

By: Keith Edmisten, Guy Collins

This publication, chapter 2 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, covers information about the cotton plant, including development, fruiting, and blooming.

Agricultural Nitrogen Accounting in Nutrient Impaired and Regulated River Basins: The Nitrogen Loss Estimation Worksheet Tool

By: Deanna Osmond, Luke Gatiboni SoilFacts

This publication discusses how the Nitrogen Loss Estimation Worksheet Tool can be used to account for agricultural nitrogen levels as an alternative to water quality monitoring.

Pythium Root and Crown Rot of Industrial Hemp

By: Ashley Troth, Lindsey Thiessen Industrial Hemp Disease Information

This factsheet discusses pythium root and crown rot in industrial hemp production.

Armyworm Complex in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet discusses the biology, identification, and control of armyworms in soybeans in North Carolina.

Spider Mites in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This factsheet describes identifying and controlling spider mites in soybeans in North Carolina.

Soybean Powdery Mildew

By: Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Powdery mildew is a common foliar disease caused by a fungus. The causal agent of soybean powdery mildew is host limited to beans. This factsheet describes soybean powdery mildew and its management in soybeans.

Green Cloverworm in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This Soybean Insect Factsheet describes the biology, identification, and control of green cloverworm in soybeans in North Carolina.

Fusarium Wilt of Soybean

By: Raymond Garcia Rodriguez, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Fusarium wilt can be an important disease in soybean when it appears. Although not a yearly problem for most of North Carolina producers, it can be locally damaging. The signs and management of the disease are described in this factsheet.

Anthracnose of Soybean

By: Jean Beacorn, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

This soybean disease factsheet covers anthracnose, a fungal disease affecting maturing soybean stems and pods in North Carolina.

Aerial Web Blight

By: Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

This soybean disease factsheet covers aerial web blight, a generally minor disease of soybean in North Carolina.

Mid-Season Soybean Nitrogen (N) Deficiency

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of nitrogen deficiency in soybean production in North Carolina.

Aluminum (Al) Toxicity in Soybean

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of aluminum toxicity in soybean production in North Carolina.

Zearalenone

By: Stephanie Ward, Sarah Allen, Rose Vaughan

Part of the Guide to Mycotoxins Commonly Found in Animal Feeds, this factsheet provides information about occurrence, regulation, and toxicosis for zearalenone.

Planting Rate Recommendations for Organic Soybean Producers

By: George Place, Adam Smith, Rachel Vann, Chris Reberg-Horton

For organic soybean producers increased seeding rates improve early soybean canopy density, which shades out weeds in the early stages of weed competition. Organic soybean producers can increase seeding rates with much less of a negative impact on economic return than for conventional production with herbicides.

Tobacco - Phosphorus (P) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in tobacco begins as a noticeable stunting when compared to a plant with a sufficient supply of P. Additionally, a P deficient tobacco plant may develop a darker green coloration of the upper foliage. Lower leaves will become chlorotic with a mottling of olive green leaf spots. The initial symptoms appearing on the lower foliage may be attributed to the fact that P is mobile within plant tissues and is translocated from these older leaves to the young developing tissues under periods of low P.

Design and Installation of SDI Systems in North Carolina

By: Garry Grabow, Kerry Harrison, Michael D. Dukes, Earl Vories, W. Bryan Smith, Heping Zhu, Ahmad Khalilian Subsurface Drip Irrigation

As a part of the humid Southeast, North Carolina’s climate, topography, soils, cropping systems, and water sources require special consideration when considering and implementing a subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system. This publication is not a step-by-step design manual, but it will help you in the design process of an SDI system appropriate to North Carolina.

Metribuzin

By: Doug Goodale, Joe Neal, Katie Jennings, Wayne Mitchem Herbicide Injury Factsheets

This factsheet describes the symptoms of a metribuzin herbicide injury.

Managing Nutrients

By: Matthew C. Vann, Luke Gatiboni, Maggie James, Loren R. Fisher

This publication, chapter 5 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, offers information of managing nutrients in tobacco production.

Suggestions for Growth Regulator Use

By: Keith Edmisten, Guy Collins

This publication, chapter 8 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, discusses considerations for using growth regulators in cotton production.

Precision Agriculture Technology: How to Become a Commercial Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Pilot

By: Gary Roberson

This publication discusses flying unmanned aerial vehicles (drones, model aircraft) for commercial purposes. You'll learn about the requirements becoming a commercial UAV pilot and how to obtain a remote pilot certificate.

Water Needs Assessment Tool—A Guide for Technical Specialists

By: Garry Grabow

This publication provides background information and references for the Water Needs Assessment Tool spreadsheet and its data inputs. It also discusses the methods used to generate output from the model and provides examples.

Kudzu Bug

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet describes the biology, damage, and control of the kudzu bug, a pest of soybeans in North Carolina.

Frost/Freeze Protection for Horticultural Crops

By: Katharine Perry, Lucy Bradley Horticulture Information Leaflets

Effective frost protection methods exist, however, each year, a portion of the state's fruit and vegetable crop is lost to low-temperature damage. This leaflet explains the principles of frosts and freezes and provides information on protection methods.

Conservation Tillage on Organic Farms

By: Keith Baldwin, Nancy Creamer CEFS

This online publication describes how cover crops affect the soil, how to establish cover crops, and how to manage their residue. It includes a review of the winter and summer cover crops recommended for North Carolina. The authors also discuss the economics of planting cover crops and some concerns to consider when planting cover crops.

Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPO) Inhibitors

By: Doug Goodale, Joe Neal, Katie Jennings, Wayne Mitchem Herbicide Injury Factsheets

This factsheet describes the symptoms of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor herbicide injury.

Increasing Diversity in Grasslands: Grazing Management Effects

By: Miguel Castillo Forage Notes

Grazing management can have profound impact on how forage mixtures develop and persists over time. It is the art and science of grazing management that determines whether a potentially good forage, or mixture of forages, will actually be a good one. Department of Crop Science Forage and Grassland Program www.forages.ncsu.edu

Forage Conservation: Troubleshooting Hay and Silage Production

By: Miguel Castillo, J. J. Romero Forage Notes

Forages can be conserved in the form of hay, baleage, and silage. It is important to keep in mind that, at best, conserved forages can rarely match the nutritive value of fresh forage. Some losses of highly digestible nutrients start immediately after cutting and are unavoidable. The goal in forage conservation is to focus on minimizing losses.

Reduce Soybean Harvest Losses

By: Jim Dunphy, E. O. Beasley

This factsheet covers how to calculate soybean losses and how to check operational guidelines to ensure a greater yield.

Rotational Considerations

By: Rachel Vann, Jim Dunphy, Deanna Osmond

This publication, chapter 3 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide, discusses crop rotation and cover crops in soybean production.

Developing a Management Strategy: Short-Season Timeliness

By: Keith Edmisten, Guy Collins

This publication, chapter 3 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, covers management practices for cotton production considering short-season timeliness.

Shoot Inhibitors

By: Doug Goodale, Joe Neal, Katie Jennings, Wayne Mitchem Herbicide Injury Factsheets

This factsheet describes the symptoms of a shoot inhibitor herbicide injury.

Brown Spot of Soybean

By: Andrew Ernst, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Brown spot is a common pathogen in soybeans in North Carolina. Symptoms from brown spot may be confused with other leaf spot pathogens, and accurate diagnosis is important for management decisions.

Red Crown Rot of Soybean

By: Ashley Joyce, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

This factsheet covers the signs, symptoms, and management of red crown rot, a problem in soybean production in North Carolina.

Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus of Soybean

By: Ashley Joyce, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

This soybean disease information factsheet describes the symptoms and disease cycle of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, a disease of soybean and cowpea in North Carolina.

Nitrogen (N) Deficiency of Carinata

By: Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon Gonzalez, Michael Mulvaney, Angela Post, Brian Whipker From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) research update, we highlight the symptoms of nitrogen deficiency. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop in the Southeast used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feedstock, high protein meal, and jet fuel. It is similar in management to canola given both canola and carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops. However, carinata oil is not edible.

Avoiding a "Hot" Crop: Minimizing the Risk of Non-compliant THC Tests through Proper Harvest Timing

By: David Suchoff, Eric Linder, Shannon Henriquez Inoa

This publication discusses the results of field trials conducted in 2020 and 2021 to understand how CBD and THC accumulate throughout floral development. It includes recommendations for appropriate sampling and harvest timing for floral hemp farmers in North Carolina.

Sting Nematode in Corn

By: Adrienne Gorny Corn Disease Information

This factsheet describes the biology and management of the sting nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus, an ectoparasitic nematode that affects corn production in North Carolina

Variety Development

By: Jeffrey C. Dunne

This publication, chapter 13 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, provides information about the peanut breeding program at North Carolina State and the varieties developed.

Stink Bug Scouting Guide for Field Corn in the Southeastern US

By: Dominic Reisig, Francis Reay-Jones

Scouting guide for stink bugs, the top insect pest of corn in the southeastern US.

Soybean Aphid in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet describes the biology, damage, and control of the soybean aphid, a pest of soybeans in North Carolina.

Long-Term Tillage Effects on Corn and Soybean Yield in the Piedmont

By: Alex Woodley, Luke Gatiboni, Joshua Heitman, A. M. Howard SoilFacts

This publication discusses tillage treatments for large-seeded crops like corn and soybeans in the Piedmont region and recommends minimizing tillage based on research at the Upper Piedmont Research Station.

Peanut Insect and Mite Management

By: Rick L. Brandenburg

This publication, chapter 5 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, reviews insect control issues in peanut production.

Producing Conventional Tobacco Transplants in Greenhouses—Water Quality

By: Matthew Vann, Michelle McGinnis, Kristin Hicks

This publication is the third in a series on greenhouse transplant production. It discusses the sources and quality of water essential to success in economically producing uniform, high-quality transplants.

How Have Foliar Treatments Affected Soybean Yields in North Carolina Trials?

By: Rachel Vann, Jim Dunphy, Lindsey Thiessen, Michael Buffaloe

This publication discusses the trends identified by research on the impacts of foliar fungicides and fertilizers on soybean yields in various environments across North Carolina.

Mexican Bean Beetle in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology, identification, and management of the Mexican bean beetle,

Japanese Beetle in Industrial Hemp

By: Hannah Burrack, Melissa Pulkoski

This factsheet describes the biology of Japanese beetles and their impact on industrial hemp plants grown on commercial farms.

Soybean Sunscald

By: Rachel Vann, Donald Stokes

Sunscald is caused by bright sunlight on a wet leaf after exposure to high temperatures. Symptomology typically appears as rusty discoloration on the underside of leaves. This factsheet describes the symptoms and management of sunscald in soybean in North Carolina.

Bean Pod Mottle Virus

By: Raymond Garcia Rodriguez, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Virus diseases like bean pod mottle virus can significantly impact soybean yields when disease pressure is high. This factsheet describes the identification and management of bean pod mottle virus.

Tobacco Ringspot Virus of Soybean

By: Ashley Joyce, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Tobacco ringspot virus is a disease of soybean in North Carolina. This factsheet offers information on the disease's symptoms and management.

PSI & II-Inhibiting Herbicide Injury on Soybean

By: Wesley Everman, Eric Jones

This factsheet discusses PS-II-inhibiting herbicide injury on soybean.

Aflatoxin

By: Stephanie Ward, Sarah Allen, Rose Vaughan

Part of the Guide to Mycotoxins Commonly Found in Animal Feeds, this factsheet provides information about occurrence, regulation, and toxicosis for aflatoxin.

Fumonisin

By: Stephanie Ward, Sarah Allen, Rose Vaughan

Part of the Guide to Mycotoxins Commonly Found in Animal Feeds, this factsheet provides information about occurrence, regulation, and toxicosis for fumonisin.

Ochratoxin A

By: Stephanie Ward, Sarah Allen, Rose Vaughan

Part of the Guide to Mycotoxins Commonly Found in Animal Feeds, this factsheet provides information about occurrence, regulation, and toxicosis for ochratoxin A.

Land Application of Municipal Sludge: Advantages and Concerns

By: Albert Rubin, L. M. Safley, Joe Zublena SoilFacts

This factsheet explains how proper land application of municipal biosolids can protect public health and maintain or improve environmental quality and it encourages the beneficial use of wastes.

Selection and Management of Efficient Low Volume Irrigation System

By: Robert Evans, R.E. Sneed

Low volume irrigation systems are normally used for fruits, vegetables, container nursery plants and in the landscape. For all these uses, growers are interested in highly controlled water management systems. Selection and management considerations for low volume irrigation systems are discussed in this article.

Variety Selection

By: Katherine Drake Stowe, Ryan Heiniger

This publication, chapter 4 of the North Carolina Soybean Production Guide, discusses how to choose a variety of soybean to plant.

Situation and Outlook

By: Jeff Dorfman, Derek Washburn, David L. Jordan

This publication, chapter 1 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, describes the current landscape of peanut production in North Carolina.

Scouting for Stink Bug Damage in Southeast Cotton: Description and Use of a Pocket Scouting Decision Aid

By: Dominic Reisig

This publication describes how cotton growers in the Southeast can use a pocket-size scouting decision aid to assess and manage stink bug damage based on thresholds for different cotton growth stages.

Risk of Pests in Peanut, Integrated Pest Management, and Pesticide Stewardship

By: David L. Jordan, LeAnn Lux, Barbara B. Shew, Rick L. Brandenburg, Dominic Reisig, Greg Buol

This publication, chapter 12 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, describes integrated pest management and pesticide stewardship in peanut production.

Industrial Hemp in North Carolina: A Guide to Understanding and Evaluating Contracts

By: Marne Coit, Robert Elliott, Angela Post

This guide provides an overview of contraction options for the growing industrial hemp industry in North Carolina. It offers insight into common contract provisions and highlights provisions that may need careful evaluation.

Corn Earworm and Tobacco Budworm in Industrial Hemp

By: Melissa Pulkoski, Hannah Burrack

This factsheet discusses the biology, damage, and management of the corn earworm and tobacco budworm in industrial hemp in North Carolina.

Soybean Fertilizer Burn

By: Rachel Vann, Donald Stokes

Fertilizer burn can occur to the soybean seed from an in-furrow application and to the foliage from a foliar application. An in-furrow application can cause salt injury or ammonium toxicity to the soybean seed. Fertilizer is somewhat rarely applied to soybeans over-the-crop, however if it is done fertilizer burn can occur depending on source and concentration. This factsheet discusses the symptoms and management of fertilizer burn.

Lance Nematode of Soybean

By: Yara Rosado Rivera, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Lance nematode is not a common problem of soybeans, but can cause local damages in fields where it is found. This factsheet covers the symptoms and management of lance nematodes in North Carolina.

Frost-Seeding Clovers into Tall Fescue Pastures

By: Miguel Castillo

This publication provides information about the practice and benefits of frost-seeding clovers into established tall fescue pastures and presents the results of research conducted in the North Carolina piedmont.

Chapter 4. Vineyard Site Selection

By: Barclay Poling, Ryan Boyles, Carlos Carpio

Grapes grown in North Carolina are sometimes exposed to unfavorable climatic conditions and biological pests that can reduce crops and injure or kill grapevines. Climatic threats include low winter temperatures, late spring frosts, excessive summer heat, and unpredictable precipitation. Biological pests include fungal pathogens and insects that attack the foliage and fruit of vines, as well as birds, deer, and other wildlife that consume fruit and shoots.Vineyard site selection greatly affects both the frequency and severity of these problems and is one of the most important factors affecting profitability in viticulture.

Chapter 7. Canopy Management

By: Tony Wolf

High-quality wines — those that command premium prices — can be produced only from high-quality grapes. Grape quality can be defined in various ways, but ripeness and freedom from rots are two of the chief qualities. Producing ripe fruit with minimum rot and maximum varietal character is not easy in North Carolina. As described elsewhere in this publication, the combination of climate, soils, and vine vigor often leads to excessive vegetative growth. For reasons that will be discussed, luxurious vegetative growth can reduce vine fruitfulness, decrease varietal character, degrade other components of fruit quality, and hamper efforts at disease control. Canopy management practices can help alleviate these problems.

Site Selection for SDI Systems in North Carolina

By: Garry Grabow, Michael Dukes, Dorota Z. Haman, Freddie Lamm Subsurface Drip Irrigation

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is a relatively new system that may give North Carolina producers similar or higher crop yields while using less water than other irrigation systems. Proper site selection helps ensure optimum system performance and crop yield while minimizing expenses. This publication will help you consider the characteristics of your field, soil, crop, cropping system and irrigation water resources as they apply to SDI.

Guidelines for the North Carolina Peanut Production Contest and Group of Sixty

By: David L. Jordan, Ashley Collins

This publication, chapter 9 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, contains information on the North Carolina Peanut Growers Association's annual peanut production contest.

Peanut Disease Management

By: LeAnn Lux, Barbara Shew

This publication, chapter 6 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, provides details on how to use integrated methods to manage major peanut diseases.

Managing Diseases

By: Daisy H. Ahumada, Adrienne Gorny

This publication, chapter 8 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, covers disease management in tobacco production.

Selecting a Variety

By: Matthew Vann, Maggie James, Jeremy Machacek, Joseph Cheek

This publication, chapter 3 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, discusses tobacco varieties and variety testing.

Situation and Outlook

By: Jeffrey H. Dorfman, Derek Washburn, Cassie Scanlan, Keith Edmisten, Wesley Everman, Guy Collins, Dominic Reisig

This publication, chapter 1 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, provides information about the situation and outlook of market conditions going into 2024.

Corn Earworm in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet describes the biology, damage, and control of the corn earworm, a common pest of soybeans in North Carolina.

Black Cutworm in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet describes the biology, damage, and control of the black cutworm, a pest of soybeans in North Carolina.

Frogeye Leaf Spot of Soybean

By: Abdullah Nahiyan, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Frogeye leaf spot (FLS) of soybean is a common foliar disease in North Carolina with losses reported annually. This soybean diseases factsheet offers information on the signs, symptoms, and management of FLS.

Soybean Vein Necrosis Virus

By: Sarah Cochran, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

This factsheet offers information on the signs, disease cycle, and management of soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV), an occasional foliar problem in soybean in North Carolina.

Mid-Season Soybean Molybdenum (Mo) Deficiency

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of molybdenum deficiency in soybean production in North Carolina.

Glufosinate Injury on Soybean

By: Wesley Everman, Eric Jones

This factsheet discusses glufosinate injury on soybean.

Spinner Spreader Calibration for Land Application of Poultry Litter

By: Sanjay Shah, Steph Kulesza

This publication discusses using poultry waste as a nutrient treatment for field crops. It provides practical information that can be used to calibrate spinner spreaders for the most effective land-application of poultry litter. A spreader calibration worksheet is included.

Estimating Available Time to Plant and Harvest Peanuts

By: Jason Ward, Terry Griffin, David Jordan, Gary Roberson

This publication looks at historical records to estimate the number of days available for planting and harvesting peanuts in North Carolina. The goal is to provide producers with information to help plan for the available days suitable for field work and make decisions about peanut equipment and working acreage.

Screening Sesame for Resistance to Multiple Root-Knot Nematode Species

By: David Suchoff, Adrienne Gorny, Marcela Chavez, Angela Post

This publication discusses the results of greenhouse trials that screened seven sesame varieties for resistance to North Carolina's most common root-knot nematode species. The results of this research will help determine if sesame may play a role in crop rotations for producers managing these pests.

Road Map to the Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides

By: Wayne Buhler, Carmina Hanson, Tom Bowman, Gwen Minton

This publication provides a simplified tool that can quickly guide farm managers, handlers, workers, and family farmers in understanding compliance with the Worker Protection Standard.

Chapter 2. Cost and Investment Analysis of Chardonnay (Vitis Vinifera) Winegrapes in North Carolina

By: Charles Safley, Carlos Carpio, Barclay Poling

Growing Chardonnay grapes, the number one vinifera variety grown in North Carolina, can be a profitable venture in certain areas of the state.The profitability analysis in this chapter, based on 2005 costs, shows that it will take an estimated $12,876 per acre to bring a vineyard up to full production in the fourth year.The vineyard would begin to yield $1,097 per acre in the eighth year, and the producer may be able to break even by the eighth year.

Sweet Sorghum Ethanol Production

By: Matthew Veal, Mari S. Chinn, Larry Stikeleather, Matthew B. Whitfield

This factsheet describes how to process mature sweet sorghum into ethanol and how this process could be implemented on a farm or private residence in the southeastern United States.

Organic No-Till Corn Production: Cover Crop and Starter Fertilizer Considerations

By: Rachel Atwell, Chris Reberg-Horton, Hanna Poffenbarger, Steven Mirsky, Gladis Zinati, Jeff Moyer

This publication provides research-based guidance on using cover crops in organic corn production to suppress weeds and provide fertility benefits.

Tobacco - Molybdenum (Mo) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Molybdenum (Mo) deficiency has not been reported under field conditions. (Descriptions based on the book, Hunger Signs of Crops, 3rd Edition, edited by H.B. Sprague.) Under controlled greenhouse conditions, tobacco plants are slightly stunted when Mo is limited. The lower foliage of the plant develops a chlorosis, initially as a pale green, then the spots progress to a necrosis. The leaves may be crinkled and become bent or twisted.

Hard Hose and Cable Tow Traveler Irrigation Systems

By: Robert Evans, J.C. Barker, Jonathan Smith, R.E. Sheffield Field Calibration Procedures for Animal Wastewater Irrigation Equipment

This publication contains step-by-step guidelines for field calibration of hard hose and cable tow irrigation systems. Proper calibration is required by law.

SDI Considerations for North Carolina Growers and Producers

By: Garry Grabow, Robert Evans, Michael Dukes, Dorota Haman, Kerry Harrison, Ahmad Khalilian, W. Bryan Smith, David Ross, Phil Tacker, Daniel L. Thomas, Ronald B. Sorensen, Earl Vories, Heping Zhu Subsurface Drip Irrigation

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is the practice of installing drip irrigation below the ground. SDI may be used below planting and tillage operations even in standard row-crop production systems. This publication is the first in a series that examines how North Carolina growers can use the technology.

Irrigation Scheduling to Improve Water and Energy-Use Efficiency

By: Robert Evans, Donald Cassel, R.E. Sneed

This publication explains how you can make the most efficient use of water and energy by applying the right amount of water to cropland at the right time.

Topping, Managing Suckers, and Using Ethephon

By: Matthew C. Vann, Maggie James, D. Scott Whitley, Jeremy Machacek, Joseph Cheek, Loren R. Fisher

This publication, chapter 7 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, provides information on topping tobacco and using ethephon, the only chemical approved for yellowing tobacco in the field.

Cotton Seed Quality and Planting Decisions

By: Keith Edmisten, Guy Collins

This publication, chapter 6 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, discusses the role of seed quality in making planting decisions for cotton production.

Tobacco Insect Management

By: Hannah Burrack, Clyde E. Sorenson

This publication, chapter 9 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, covers insect management in tobacco production.

Steam: An Alternative Method of Float Tray Sanitation

By: Kyle Bostian, Grant Ellington, Justin Macialek

Due to the limited availability of methyl bromide, tobacco growers need other methods to sanitize float trays prior to reseeding every year. This factsheet offers information on using steam as an alternative.

Soybean Crusting

By: Rachel Vann, Donald Stokes

Soil crusting is a problem that can occur after soybean planting before the soybeans have emerged. This factsheet discusses the symptoms and management of soil crusting in North Carolina soybean production.

Soybean Deep Planting

By: Rachel Vann, Donald Stokes

This publication discusses planting depth for soybean producers in North Carolina.

Phytopthora Root and Stem Rot of Soybean

By: Yara Rosado Rivera, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

Phytophthora root and stem rot is a common pathogen in North Carolina due to our frequent wet weather. This factsheet describes the symptoms and management of the disease in soybean production.

HPPD and Clomazone Injury on Soybean

By: Wesley Everman, Eric Jones

This factsheet discusses HPPD and clomazine injury on soybean.

Mid-Season Soybean Sulfur (S) Deficiency

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of sulfur deficiency in soybean production in North Carolina.

Mid-Season Soybean Boron (B) Deficiency

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of boron deficiency in soybean production in North Carolina.

The Tobacco Plant

An illustration of the tobacco plant, part of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook.

Trichothecenes

By: Stephanie Ward, Sarah Allen, Rose Vaughan

Part of the Guide to Mycotoxins Commonly Found in Animal Feeds, this factsheet provides information about occurrence, regulation, and toxicosis for trichothecenes.

Selection and Mangement of Efficient Low Volume Irrigation System

By: Robert Evans, J.W. Gilliam, Wayne Skaggs

North Carolina farmers grow crops on over 2 million acres of poorly drained soils. These fields represent nearly 40 percent of the state's cropland. This publication offers information on controlled drainage management guidelines for improving drainage water quality.

Delineating Agriculture in the High Rock Lake Watershed

By: Deanna Osmond

Under the proposed High Rock Lake Rules, the Basin Oversight Committee (BOC) is tasked with submitting agricultural information on a yearly basis. Unfortunately, some of this information, such as fertilizer rates, is based on best professional judgment; there are no fertilizer-use statistics that are reliable. In addition, best management practices (BMPs) are only captured if they are cost shared. To obtain a better estimate of agricultural practices, this onetime statistically valid area sampling frame was applied to agricultural fields in the High Rock Lake Watershed in order to collect an agricultural baseline of cropping systems, soil types and currently used best management practices, livestock types and numbers, and producer information.

Chapter 1. Introduction

By: Barclay Poling

New and current grape growers will find practical information on site appraisal, establishment, and operation of commercial winegrape vineyards in the North Carolina Winegrape Grower’s Guide. This publication focuses on production of vinifera and hybrid wine grapes.

Production and Utilization of Pastures and Forages in North Carolina

By: D. S. Chamblee, J. T. Green

This publication addresses a wide spectrum of forage production and utilization principles and practices. Contributions to this effort were made by 37 authors from four organizations: Agricultural Research Service, USDA; North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services; North Carolina State University (researchers and extension specialists from eight departments); and Soil Conservation Service, USDA.

Tobacco - Magnesium (Mg) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Tobacco that is deficient in magnesium (Mg) will initially develop symptoms on the lower or older foliage. These symptoms occur as an interveinal chlorosis that begins on the leaf margin, typically toward the leaf tip. Mg is mobile within plant tissues and will readily translocated from older leaves to the young developing tissues during limited Mg conditions.

Peanut Weed Management

By: David L. Jordan

This publication, chapter 4 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, discusses effective weed management in peanut production.

Phosphorus (P) Deficiency of Carinata

By: Angela Post, Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon, Brian Whipker, Michael Mulvaney From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) update, we highlight the symptoms of nitrogen deficiency. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feed stock, high protein meal, and rocket jet fuel. It is similar in management to Canola given both Canola and Carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops.

Evaluating Damage From Deer Feeding On North Carolina Cotton

By: Guy Collins, Keith Edmisten

This publication discusses the yield losses, delayed maturity, and management associated with damaged caused by deer feeding on cotton crops.

Basic Information for Determining Drain Spacing on North Carolina Soils

By: Chad Poole, Mohamed Youssef, Wayne Skaggs

Knowing the soil profile of your agricultural land will help determine the spacing needed for installing subsurface drains. This publication provides essential information to producers, landowners, farm managers, and contractors for determining proper drain spacing based on soil types.

Bean Leaf Beetle in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet discusses the biology, damage, and management of the bean leaf beetle, a pest of soybeans in North Carolina.

Soybean Deer Damage

By: Rachel Vann, Donald Stokes

This factsheet discusses recognizing and treating soybeans that have been damaged by deer in North Carolina.

Boron (B) Deficiency of Carinata

By: Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon Gonzalez, Michael Mulvaney, Angela Post, Brian Whipker From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) update, we highlight the symptoms of nitrogen deficiency. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feed stock, high protein meal, and rocket jet fuel. It is similar in management to Canola given both Canola and Carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops.

Iron (Fe) Deficiency of Carinata

By: Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon Gonzalez, Michael Mulvaney, Angela Post, Brian Whipker From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) research update, we highlight the symptoms of iron deficiency. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop in the Southeast used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feedstock, high protein meal, and jet fuel. It is similar in management to canola given both canola and carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops. However, carinata oil is not edible.

Boron (B) Toxicity of Carinata

By: Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon Gonzalez, Michael Mulvaney, Angela Post, Brian Whipker From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) research update, we highlight the symptoms of boron toxicity. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop in the Southeast used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feedstock, high protein meal, and jet fuel. It is similar in management to canola given both canola and carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops. However, carinata oil is not edible.

Mapa de la Ley de Protección al Trabajador para Pesticidias Agrícolas

By: Wayne Buhler, Carmina Hanson, Tom Bowman, Gwen Minton

Este mapa presenta la ruta más rápida para satisfacer la Ley de Protección al Trabajador sin complicaciones. Esta es una herramienta de descripción general simplificada para orientar rápidamente a los ger-entes de fincas, manipuladores, trabajadores y agricultores familiares en la dirección correcta.

Peanut Nematode Management

This publication, chapter 7 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, discusses plant-parasitic nematodes in peanuts.

Results From Large-Plot On-Farm and Research Station Trials

By: David L. Jordan, Ethan Foote, Brian Royals, Rick Brandenburg, LeAnn Lux

This publication, chapter 14 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, describes on-farm trials conducted in 2021, 2022, and 2023 across North Carolina

Sweet Sorghum Production to Support Energy and Industrial Products

By: Matthew Veal, Mari S. Chinn, Matthew Whitfield

This publication offers an overview of the cultivation, harvest, and marketing opportunities of sweet sorghum in North Carolina and the Southeast.

Selection and Management of Efficient Hand-Move Solid Set and Permanent Irrigation System

By: Robert Evans, R.E. Sneed

Hand-move irrigation systems are normally used to irrigate small fields. Solid-set and permanent sprinkler irrigation systems are used for irrigation, frost/freeze protection, evaporative cooling, and land application of nutrient-rich effluent. Selection and management considerations for hand-move solid-set and permanent sprinkler irrigation systems are discussed in this article.

Pest Management Guidelines for Small Acreage North Carolina Rice Growers

By: Mohammad-Amir Aghaee, Der Holcomb

Rice is a minor crop in the state of North Carolina with less than an estimated 2000 acres in the entire state. Unfortunately this means there are very few resources for growers. There are currently no insecticides or herbicides registered for use on rice in the state of North Carolina. Due to legal and liability issues we are not allowed to recommend any brand or chemistries of insecticide or herbicide to be used. Since rice is usually a second or third priority crop behind flowers and vegetables we are tailoring these recommendations in a way where you can grow your crop and receive the maximum yield benefits possible given the circumstances. What follows are a series of cultural and non-chemical controls for weed and pest management.

Cellulose Inhibitor, Dichlobenil

By: Joe Neal, Doug Goodale Herbicide Injury Factsheets

This factsheet describes the symptoms of a dichlobenil herbicide injury.

Soybean Hurricane Damage

By: Rachel Vann, Donald Stokes

This factsheet discusses the effect on soybean fields after a hurricane and how to proceed with production after extended rain or a flood.

Seed Decay and Pod Blight

By: Ashley Joyce, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

This soybean disease factsheet discusses various fungi that cause seed decay and pod blight of soybean in North Carolina.

Mid-Season Soybean Potassium (K) Deficiency

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of potassium deficiency in soybean production in North Carolina.

Mid-Season Soybean Manganese (Mn) Deficiency

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of manganese deficiency in soybean production in North Carolina.

Patulin

By: Stephanie Ward, Sarah Allen, Rose Vaughan

Part of the Guide to Mycotoxins Commonly Found in Animal Feeds, this factsheet provides information about occurrence, regulation, and toxicosis for patulin.

Optimizing Floral Hemp Biomass through Proper Transplant Timing and Density

By: David Suchoff, Eric Linder, Shannon Henriquez Inoa

This publication discusses the results of field trials conducted in 2020 and 2021 to determine the effects of transplant date and plant spacing on plant height and width for floral hemp. These results can help farmers make planting decisions to maximize biomass yields per acre.

Chapter 8. Pest Management

By: Turner Sutton, Jean Harrison, Wayne Mitchem

Grapes are subject to attack by many different pests, including nematodes, fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens, insects, and wildlife, such as deer and birds.Weeds, which compete with the vines for soil moisture and nutrients, may also be included in this list. Recognizing and understanding the nature of these pests is essential to minimizing crop losses.This chapter briefly describes the major pests that routinely threaten bunch grapes in North Carolina and discusses control measures.

Extending the Grazing Season: Growing Annual or Perennial Grasses or Legumes in Mixture with Hybrid Bermudagrass

By: D. S. Chamblee, Paul Mueller

The studies described in this publication show the potential productive capacity of combinations of hybrid bermudagrass with different annual or perennial grasses or legumes.

Economics of Controlled Drainage and Subirrigation Systems

By: Robert Evans, Wayne Skaggs, Ronald E. Sneed

Before installing a dual-purpose subsurface drainage and subirrigation system on your farm, have your site evaluated by the local Soil Conservation Service (SCS) to determine whether this option is suitable for your farm and your needs. If your site is found to be physically suitable, this publication will help you determine whether installing this type of system will be a wise investment.

Tobacco - Iron (Fe) Deficiency

By: Matthew Vann, Josh Henry, Paul Cockson, Brian Whipker Tobacco Nutrient Information

Iron (Fe) deficiency does not readily occur under field conditions. To better catalog this deficiency, we induced Fe stress under a controlled greenhouse study. In NC State University trials, interveinal chlorosis (yellowing) developed on the youngest leaves. Over time the chlorotic areas became more pronounced.

Weight-Area Method Spreader System

By: Robert Evans, J.C. Barker, David Crouse Field Calibration Procedures for Solid and Semi-Solid Animal Waste Application Equipment

This publication explains the weight-area method, one of the two methods in which solid or semi-solid applicators can be calibrated. Proper calibration is required by law.

Hard Hose Traveler Irrigation System

By: Robert Evans, Ronald E. Sneed, Jonathan Smith, Ron Sheffield Irrigated Acreage Determination Procedures for Wastewater Application Equipment

This publication contains step-by-step guidelines for determining irrigated acreage for hard hose traveler irrigation systems are presented. Proper calibration helps protect the environment and is required by law.

Investigating Cover Crop Mulches in North Carolina Cotton Production

By: Rachel Atwell Vann, Chris Reberg-Horton, Keith Edmisten, Alan York

This publication discusses the methods and results of a study researching the benefits of cover crop mulches in cotton production. Cover crops provide nutrients to subsequent crops while conserving soil moisture and suppressing weeds, pests, and diseases without adversely affecting yield.

Center Pivot and Linear Move Irrigation System

By: Robert Evans, J.C. Barker, Jonathan Smith, R.E. Sheffield Field Calibration Procedures for Animal Wastewater Irrigation Equipment

This publication contains step-by-step guidelines for field calibration of center pivot and linear move irrigation systems. Proper calibration is required by law.

Extension Personnel Working with Peanuts

This publication, part of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, provides information on North Carolina extension personnel that work with peanuts.

Cotton Terminology

By: Keith Edmisten, Guy Collins

This publication, chapter 16 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, is a glossary of terms used throughout the 2024 Cotton Information book.

Planting Decisions

By: Keith Edmisten, Guy Collins

This publication, chapter 4 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, covers factors to consider when planting cotton.

Biomass Production With Legume and Small Grain Cover Crop Mixtures in North Carolina: Research Summary

By: Rachel Vann, Chris Reberg-Horton, Miguel Castillo, Steven Mirsky, Rebecca McGee

This publication discusses a study to compare five winter pea genotypes to crimson clover and hairy vetch for biomass production in mixture with various small grains.

Selecting Nitrogen Rates in North Carolina: Recent Work on Corn and Wheat

By: Deanna Osmond, Rob Austin

This publication discusses the results of recent nitrogen rate trials in the North Carolina coastal plain that assessed the recommendations of the Realistic Yield Expectation (RYE) database.

Stink Bug in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet describes the biology, damage, and control of stink bugs in soybeans in North Carolina.

Velvetbean Caterpillar in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet describes the biology, damage, and control of the velvetbean caterpillar, a pest of soybeans in North Carolina.

Dectes Stem Borer in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig

This factsheet describes the biology and management of the soybean stem borer.

Soybean Hail Damage

By: Rachel Vann, Donald Stokes

This factsheet discusses how to mitigate hail damage in soybean production in North Carolina.

Mid-Season Soybean Magnesium (Mg) Deficiency

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of magnesium deficiency in soybean production in North Carolina.

ALS-Inhibiting Herbicide Injury on Soybean

By: Wesley Everman, Eric Jones

This factsheet discusses ALS-inhibiting herbicide injury on soybean.

Glyphosate Injury on Soybeans

By: Wesley Everman, Eric Jones

This factsheet discusses glyphosate injury on soybean.

PPO-Inhibiting Herbicide Injury on Soybean

By: Wesley Everman, Eric Jones

This factsheet discusses protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide injury in soybean.

VLCFA Inhibiting Herbicide Injury on Soybean

By: Wesley Everman, Eric Jones

This factsheet discuses very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis-inhibiting herbicide injury on soybean.

Nitrogen Fertility Management in Organic Tobacco Greenhouse Production

By: David Suchoff, Matthew Vann, Steph Kulesza, Alex Woodley

This publication provides recommendations for managing essential nutrient concentrations when growing organic tobacco in greenhouses using a float system.

Ergot Alkaloids

By: Stephanie Ward, Sarah Allen, Rose Vaughan

Part of the Guide to Mycotoxins Commonly Found in Animal Feeds, this factsheet provides information about occurrence, regulation, and toxicosis for ergot alkaloids.

Late Harvest Effects on Wheat Yield, Test Weight, and Grain Quality

By: Dianne Farrer, Randy Weisz, Jessica Engle SmartGrains

This wheat publication presents data on the impact of late harvest on yield, test weight, falling numbers, deoxynivalenol (DON) levels, grain protein content, and milling and baking characteristics.

Chapter 9. Vine Nutrition

By: Tony Wolf

Grapevines require 16 essential nutrients for normal growth and development (Table 9.1). Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are obtained as the roots take in water and as the leaves absorb gases. The remaining nutrients are obtained primarily from the soil. Macronutrients are those used in relatively large quantities by vines; natural macronutrients are often supplemented with applied fertilizers.The micronutrients, although no less essential, are needed in very small quantities. When one or more of these elements is deficient, vines may exhibit foliar deficiency symptoms, reduced growth or crop yield, and greater susceptiblity to winter injury or death. The availability of essential nutrients is therefore critical for optimum vine performance and profitable grape production.

Understanding Climate, Planning, and Response Terms Within the Forestry Context

By: John Hastings, Mark Megalos, Heather Aldridge

New and existing professionals working in the realm of climate education, research, and outreach need to be clear in their terminology and usage. This glossary compiles the most commonly used terms and definitions for academics, researchers, and educators to communicate effectively in this emerging arena. To enhance understanding, key terms include a separate interpretative explanation of the concept “Why this matters.”

Rotary Hoe: A Blind Cultivation Tool for In-Row Weed Control

By: George Place, Chris Reberg-Horton

Expanding organic grain markets have increased interest in mechanical weed control. Learn how the rotary hoe can be used to control weeds in large-seeded grain crops such as corn and soybeans.

Critical Management Issues for SDI Systems in North Carolina

By: Garry Grabow, Dorota Z. Harman, Ronald B. Sorenson, David S. Ross, Robert Evans, Phil Tacker Subsurface Drip Irrigation

Although subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is in its infancy in North Carolina, it is becoming more popular as growers learn of its many benefits, which include increased irrigation efficiency. Proper management is imperative with an SDI system. Many components of an SDI system are underground; therefore, you must carefully monitor pressure and flow rates to ensure that the system is operating properly. This publication addresses water management, chemigation, system management and maintenance, and system evaluation.

Pumping Plant Performance

By: Robert Evans, R.E. Sneed, J.H. Hunt

This publication discusses the causes of poor irrigation system performance. Some of these causes can be identified and corrected by the irrigator. Others require specialized evaluation equipment, and the corrections should therefore be performed by specially trained technicians.

Calibrating Soil-Water Measuring Devices

By: Robert Evans, Donald Cassel, Ronald E. Sneed

This publication provides a step-by-step description of how to use the gravimetric method to calibrate soil-water measuring equipment.

Peanut Growth and Development and Peanut Industry Terminology

By: David Jordan

This publication, chapter 11 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, offers information on peanut growth and development, including grading.

Compatibility of Agrochemicals Applied to Peanut

By: David L. Jordan, LeAnn Lux, Barbara B. Shew, Rick L. Brandenburg, Dominic Reisig

This publication, chapter 10 of the 2024 Peanut Information handbook, discusses the interactions of agrochemicals used in peanut production.

Protecting People and the Environment When Using Pesticides

By: Catherine LePrevost, Clyde Sorenson

This publication, chapter 11 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, describes some measures that tobacco producers and professional applicators can take to minimize the threat to people and water quality and reduce pesticide exposure to humans and wildlife.

Extension Personnel Working with Tobacco

This publication, part of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, lists North Carolina extension personnel that work in tobacco production.

Sprayer Calibration

By: Charlie W. Cahoon, Alan York

This publication, chapter 14 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, provides information on sprayer calibration for applying chemicals in cotton production.

Soybean Looper in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet describes the biology, damage, and management of soybean loopers, a pest of soybeans in North Carolina.

Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hopper in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet describes the biology, damage, and control of the three-cornered alfalfa hopper, a pest of soybeans in North Carolina.

Mid-Season Soybean Phosphorus (P) Deficiency

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of phosphorus deficiency in soybean production in North Carolina.

Manganese (Mn) Deficiency of Carinata

By: Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon Gonzalez, Michael Mulvaney, Angela Post, Brian Whipker From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) research update, we highlight the symptoms of manganese deficiency. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop in the Southeast used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feedstock, high protein meal, and jet fuel. It is similar in management to canola given both canola and carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops. However, carinata oil is not edible.

Zinc (Zn) Deficiency of Carinata

By: Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon Gonzalez, Michael Mulvaney, Angela Post, Brian Whipker From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) research update, we highlight the symptoms of zinc deficiency. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop in the Southeast used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feedstock, high protein meal, and jet fuel. It is similar in management to canola given both canola and carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops. However, carinata oil is not edible.

Guide to Mycotoxins Commonly Found in Animal Feeds

By: Stephanie Ward, Sarah Allen, Rose Vaughan

This guide provides an overview of common mycotoxins found in animal feeds, including predominant fungi species, FDA action levels, common crops, and symptoms. Further information about occurrence, regulation, and toxicosis is available for each mycotoxin.

PR Toxin

By: Stephanie Ward, Sarah Allen, Rose Vaughan

Part of the Guide to Mycotoxins Commonly Found in Animal Feeds, this factsheet provides information about occurrence, regulation, and toxicosis for PR toxin.

Utilizing the NC State University Cotton Planting Conditions Calculator and the NCDA&CS Cotton Seed Database to Make Wise Planting Decisions

By: Guy Collins, Keith Edmisten, Sandy Stewart, Bill Foote

This publication provides an overview of the NC State University Cotton Planting Conditions Calculator and the NCDA&CS Cotton Seed Database. It explains how to use these tools to aid in making cotton planting decisions.

What Is the Cost of Selecting the Wrong Cotton Variety?

By: Guy Collins, Keith Edmisten

This publication discusses the factors involved in selecting cotton varieties and the potential economic impacts of making improper selections.

Water Supplies for Subirrigation

By: Robert Evans, Ronald E. Sneed, Wayne Skaggs

This publication explains how to plan and maintain subirrigation systems by providing information on types of water supplies and pumps and water quality.

Irrigation Scheduling to Achieve Proper Application of Wastewater

By: Robert Evans, Karl Shaffer, R.E. Sheffield, Jonathan Smith

This publication provides guidelines and recommendations for proper irrigation scheduling of wastewater.

Load-Area Method Spreader System

By: Robert Evans, J.C. Barker, David Crouse Field Calibration Procedures for Semi-Solid Animal Waste Application Equipment

This publication explains the load-area method, one of the two methods in which semi-solid animal waste applicators can be calibrated. Proper calibration is required by law.

The Calibration of Turfgrass Boom Sprayers and Spreaders

By: Wayne Buhler, Emily Erickson, Arthur Bruneau, Matt Martin, Gary Roberson, Joe Neal, Fred Yelverton

Proper application of pesticides and fertilizers is possible only with a sprayer or spreader that is accurately calibrated. When equipment is not correctly calibrated, it is easy to apply too much or too little of a chemical, which may result in the lack of pest control, damage to turf, wasted money, and/or contaminated environment. This publication explains how to calibrate boom sprayers and granular spreaders used on turfgrass.

Curing and Mechanization

By: Grant Ellington

This publication, chapter 10 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, offers information on the most efficient use of fuel and electricity while maintaining the highest cured leaf quality.

Managing Weeds

By: Matthew C. Vann, Charles W. Cahoon, Jr., Maggie James, Loren R. Fisher

This publication, chapter 6 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, provides information on a weed management program for tobacco production.

Complying with North Carolina Farm Labor Regulations

By: Jonathan Phillips

This publication, chapter 2 of the 2024 Flue-Cured Tobacco Information handbook, provides a general overview of the laws that affect farm workers.

Variety Selection

By: Keith Edmisten, Guy Collins

This publication, chapter 5 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, provides information about selecting cotton varieties.

County Extension Personnel Working with Cotton

This publication, part of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, lists North Carolina county Extension personnel working with cotton.

Grasshoppers and Crickets in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet describes the biology, damage, and control of grasshoppers and crickets, a pest of soybeans in North Carolina.

Soybean Lightning Damage

By: Rachel Vann, Donald Stokes

This publication describes the symptoms of a lightning strike in soybeans in North Carolina.

Reniform Nematode of Soybean

By: Yara Rosado Rivera, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

The reniform nematode is not a common nematode pressure for soybean growers in North Carolina, but is limited to several southern counties of the state. This factsheet will help growers identify and management the nematodes in soybean production in North Carolina.

Mid-Season Soybean Copper (Cu) Deficiency

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of copper deficiency in soybean production in North Carolina.

Magnesium (Mg) Deficiency of Carinata

By: Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon Gonzalez, Michael Mulvaney, Angela Post, Brian Whipker From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) research update, we highlight the symptoms of magnesium deficiency. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop in the Southeast used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feedstock, high protein meal, and jet fuel. It is similar in management to canola given both canola and carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops. However, carinata oil is not edible.

Sulfur (S) Deficiency of Carinata

By: Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon Gonzalez, Michael Mulvaney, Angela Post, Brian Whipker From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) research update, we highlight the symptoms of sulfur deficiency. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop in the Southeast used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feedstock, high protein meal, and jet fuel. It is similar in management to canola given both canola and carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops. However, carinata oil is not edible.

Wheat Fungicide Chemistry and Timing 2013-14 Test Results

By: Randy Weisz SmartGrains

This publication presents results from fungicide chemistry and timing wheat tests in 2013-14.

Chapter 5. Vineyard Establishment

By: Tony Wolf

Vineyard establishment involves careful planning, thorough site preparation, vineyard design, planting, and trellis construction. Unlike dormant pruning or other annual activities, designing and establishing a vineyard must be done correctly the first time. In addition, the process must be tailored to the particular site and the grower’s intentions. This chapter discusses the basic steps in establishing a vineyard and offers suggestions for practical methods and materials.There are many alternatives. Although this chapter may be used as the sole source of information for vineyard establishment, it is advisable to obtain and compare information from additional sources before beginning. References provided here include more detailed information on particular aspects of vineyard establishment, such as trellis construction. It is also helpful to visit existing vineyards to examine their design, compare trellising materials, and discuss plant and row spacing.

Cool-Season Forage Hays: Nutritive Value and Quality

By: J. C. Burns, D. S. Fisher, E. S. Leonard

This bulletin publishes the results of 10 experiments that addressed aspects of nutritive value (i.e., laboratory estimates of dry matter disappearance and chemical composition) and quality (i.e., animal responses) of cool-season perennial forages preserved as hay. The focus of this bulletin is the evaluation of tall fescue cultivars, forage maturity, drying methods, and diurnal changes in forages. However, experiments on other forages (i.e., reed canarygrass and alfalfa) have also been included. The purpose of this bulletin is to provide original research data in a summarized format, with associated methodology, for future reference.

Stationary Sprinkler Irrigation System

By: Robert Evans, J.C. Barker, Jonathan Smith, R.E. Sheffield Field Calibration Procedures for Animal Wastewater Irrigation Equipment

This publication contains step-by-step guidelines for field calibration of stationary sprinkler irrigation systems. Proper calibration is required by law.

Specialty Crops in North Carolina: Acreage and Distribution

By: Roger Batts, Jeanine Davis, Gina Fernandez, Chris Gunter, Wayne Mitchem, David Monks, Jonathan Schultheis, Sara Spayd

With the increasing diversity of North Carolina agriculture, it is important to document and assess the presence of the commodities produced in the state. Crop data are publicly maintained on only the top 20 or so specialty crops, yet state and federal decisions impact hundreds of individual crop species. Because little information is available for most specialty crops, it must be gleaned from many different sources.

Operating Controlled Drainage and Subirrigation Systems

By: Robert Evans, Wayne Skaggs

This publication summarizes design considerations, system operations and information on monitoring controlled drainage and subirrigation systems.

Cotton Classification

By: Keith Edmisten

This publication, chapter 15 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, provides information about the classing system used in the cotton industry.

Managing Insects on Cotton

By: Dominic Reisig, Anders Huseth

This publication, chapter 11 of the 2024 Cotton Information handbook, discusses insect management practices for cotton production.

Grape Colaspis in Soybean

By: Dominic Reisig Soybean Insect Factsheets

This soybean insect factsheet describes the biology, damage, and control of grape colaspis, a beetle pest of soybeans in North Carolina.

2020 Uniform Peanut Performance Tests

By: Jeff Dunne, Bill Branch, Maria Balota, Dan Anco, Barry Tillman, Charles Chen, John Cason, Mark Burow, Kelly Chamberlain Uniform Peanut Performance Tests

This report provides the results of the 2020 tests conducted to evaluate the commercial potential of the best advanced peanut breeding lines that have not yet been released. These tests measure the adaptability of potential new cultivars to various environments.

2019 North Carolina Hemp Strain Testing Results - Rowan County

By: Angela Post, Jeanine Davis, Margaret Bloomquist, Katherine Learn, Ryan Heiniger

This publication provides the results of a 2019 Rowan County Hemp Strain Test that was conducted at the Piedmont Research Station in Salisbury, NC.

Ethanol: A Gasoline Alternative for North Carolina

By: Matthew Veal, Mari Chinn

Ethanol is an alternative fuel source that can be produced domestically from renewable materials. Learn about the different mixtures of ethanol available and how their use can affect vehicles, gas mileage, and fuel costs. This publication answers basic consumer questions about ethanol, its production, and its relationship to the U.S. corn crop, food prices, and sustainable energy.

Avoiding Tobacco Curing Losses Due to Electrical Failures

Disaster Recovery

This publication for tobacco growers describes steps that can be taken to avoid or minimize tobacco curing losses due to an electrical outage.

2019 North Carolina Hemp Strain Testing Results - Rowan County

By: Angela Post, Jeanine Davis, Margaret Bloomquist, Katherine Learn, Ryan Heiniger

This publication provides the results of a 2019 hemp strain test conducted in Rowan County at the Piedmont Research Station in Salisbury, NC.

White Mold of Soybean

By: Raymond Garcia Rodriguez, Lindsey Thiessen Soybean Disease Information

The symptoms and management of white mold, an important cause of yield loss in soybean in North Carolina, are covered in this soybean disease factsheet.

Potassium (K) Deficiency of Carinata

By: Paul Cöckson, Carl Crozier, Ramon Leon Gonzalez, Michael Mulvaney, Angela Post, Brian Whipker From the Field - Agronomy Notes

In this Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) research update, we highlight the symptoms of potassium deficiency. These images are part of a project by the Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC) to develop a diagnostic series for the identification of nutrient disorders of Carinata. Carinata is an exciting new crop in the Southeast used for a wide variety of primary and secondary agricultural products including cover crops, feedstock, high protein meal, and jet fuel. It is similar in management to canola given both canola and carinata are winter annual Brassica oilseed crops. However, carinata oil is not edible.

Agricultural Machinery Maintenance

By: Gary Roberson

This publication describes the major systems used in farm equipment and outlines basic maintenance procedures that equipment operators can use to enhance performance and efficiency.

Irrigation Management Strategies to Improve Water and Energy-Use Efficiencies

By: Robert Evans, Donald Cassel, R.E. Sneed

This publication discusses irrigation decisions that affect water and energy efficiencies.

Mid-Season Soybean Zinc (Zn) Deficiency

By: Luke Gatiboni, Carl Crozier Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information

This Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information factsheet describes the symptoms and management of zinc deficiency in soybean production in North Carolina.

A Guide to Price-Risk Management in Grain Marketing for North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

By: Nick Piggott

This guide summarizes marketing options for grain and soybean growers and explains how to use basis, the difference between cash and futures prices, to evaluate marketing options.

Hydraulic Ram Pumps

By: Greg Jennings

This publication covers information on hydraulic ram pumps and offers guidelines on installation and purchasing a system.

2019 North Carolina Hemp Strain Testing Results - Henderson County

By: Angela Post, Jeanine Davis, Margaret Bloomquist, Katherine Learn, Ryan Heiniger

This publication provides the results of a 2019 Henderson County Hemp Strain Test that was conducted at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center in Mills River, NC.

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