Four woody stems bisected laterally to reveal nests of solitary bees inside. Each nest contains individual chambers shaped from leaf pulp, pith, or leaf pieces.

Figure 1. Bee nests inside perennial plant stems. A. Cocoons of leafcutting bee (Hoplitis) in lollipop verbena. B. Nest of small carpenter bee (Ceratina mikmaqi) in coneflower. C. Nest of leafcutting bee (Megachile) in Anemonella. D. Nest of small carpenter bee (Ceratina calcarata) in Hydrangea.

Four woody stems bisected laterally to reveal nests of solitary bees inside. Each nest contains individual chambers shaped from leaf pulp, pith, or leaf pieces.

Photos by Youngsteadt Urban Ecology Lab, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.