There can be no argument that the most famous aspect of honey bee biology is their method of recruitment, commonly known as the honey bee dance language. It has served as a model example of animal communication in biology courses at all levels, and is one of the most fascinating behaviors that can be observed in nature.

The dance language is used by an individual worker to communicate at least two items of information to one or more other workers: the distance and direction to a location (usually a food source, such as a patch of flowers). It is most often used when an experienced forager returns to her colony with a load of food, either nectar or pollen. If the quality of the food is sufficiently high, she will often perform a “dance” on the surface of the wax comb to recruit new foragers to the resource. The dance language is also used to recruit scout bees to a new nest site during the process of reproductive fission, or swarming. Recruits follow the dancing bee to obtain the information it contains, and then exit the hive to the location of interest. The distance and direction information contained in the dance are representations of the source's location (see Components of the Dance Language), and thus is the only known abstract “language” in nature other than human language.

The dance language is inextricably associated with Dr. Karl von Frisch, who is widely accredited with interpreting its meaning. He and his students carefully described the different components of the language through decades of research. Their experiments typically used glass-walled observation hives, training marked foragers to food sources placed at known distances from a colony, and carefully measuring the angle and duration of the dances when the foragers returned. His work eventually earned him the Nobel Prize (in Medicine) in 1973.

The concept of a honey bee language, however, has not been free of skepticism.

Several scientists, such as Dr. Adrian Wenner, have argued that simply because the dance exists does not necessarily mean that it communicates information about the location of a food source. Those critics have argued that floral odors on a forager's body are the major cues that recruits use to locate novel food sources. Many experiments have directly tested this alternative hypothesis and demonstrated the importance of floral odors in food location. In fact, von Frisch held this same opinion before he changed his mind in favor of the abstract dance language.

The biological reality, however, is somewhere between these two extremes. The most commonly accepted view is that recruits go to the area depicted in the dance, but then “home in” to the flower patch using odor cues. Indeed, researchers have built a robotic honey bee that is able to perform the dance language and recruit novice foragers to specific locations. The robot, however, is unable to properly recruit foragers to a food source unless there is some odor cue on its surface. Nevertheless, it is clear that honey bees use the distance and direction information communicated by the dance language, which represents one of the most intriguing examples of animal communication.

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Figure 1. Honey bee.

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Figure 1. Honey bee.

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At its core, there are two things communicated in a dance: distance and direction. These two pieces of information are translated into separate components of the dance.

Distance

When a food source is very close to the hive (i.e., less than 50 meters away), a forager performs a round dance (Figure 2). She does so by running around in narrow circles, suddenly reversing direction to her original course. She may repeat the dance several times at the same location or move to another location to repeat the dance. After the round dance has ended, she often distributes food to the bees following her. A round dance, therefore, communicates distance (“close to the hive”), but no direction.

Food sources that are at intermediate distances, between 50 and 150 meters away from the hive, are recruited to with the sickle dance. The form of this dance is crescent-shaped, a transitional dance between a round dance and a figure-eight waggle dance (Figure 2).

A waggle dance, or wag-tail dance, is performed by bees foraging at food sources that are over 150 meters away from the hive. This dance, unlike the round and sickle dances, communicates both distance and direction to potential recruits. A bee that performs a waggle dance runs straight ahead for a short distance, returns in a semicircle to the starting point, runs again through the straight course, then makes a semicircle in the opposite direction to complete a full, figure-eight circuit. While running the straight-line course of the dance, the bee’s body, especially the abdomen, wags vigorously sideways (Figure 3). This vibration of the body gives a tail-wagging motion. At the same time, the bee emits a train of buzzing sound, produced by wingbeats, at a low frequency of 250-300 Hertz (cycles per second) with a pulse duration of about 20 milliseconds and a repetition of frequency of about 30 seconds.

While several variables of the waggle dance are correlated with distance information (e.g., dance “tempo”, duration of buzzing sounds), the duration of the straight run portion of the dance, measured in seconds, is the simplest and most reliable indicator of distance. As the distance to the food source increases, the duration of the waggling portion of the dance (the “waggle run”) also increases. The relationship is roughly linear (Figure 4). For example, a forager that performs a waggle run that lasts 2.5 seconds is recruiting for a food source located approximately 2625 meters away.

Direction

While the representation of distance in the waggle dance is relatively straight-forward, the method of communicating direction is more complicated and abstract. The orientation of the dancing bee during the straight portion of her waggle dance indicates the location of the food source relative to the sun. The angle that the bee adopts, relative to vertical, represents the angle to the flowers relative to the direction of the sun outside of the hive. In other words, the dancing bee transposes the solar angle into the gravitational angle. The figure below gives three examples. A forager recruiting to a food source in the same direction as the sun will perform a dance with the waggle run portion directly up on the comb.

Conversely, if the food source were located directly away from the sun, the straight run would be directed vertically down. If the food source were 60 degrees to the left of the sun, the waggle run would be 60 degrees to the left of vertical.

Because the direction information is relative to the sun's position, not the compass direction, a forager's dance for a particular resource will change over time. This is because the sun's position moves over the course of a day. For example, a food source located due east will have foragers dance approximately straight up in the morning (because the sun rises in the east), but will have foragers dance approximately straight down in the late afternoon (because the sun sets in the west). Thus the time of day (or, more importantly, the location of the sun) is an important variable to interpret the direction information in the dance.

The sun's position is also a function of one's geographic location and the time of year. The sun will always move from east to west over the course of the day. However, above the Tropic of Cancer, the sun will always be in the south, whereas below the Tropic of Capricorn, the sun will always be in the north. Within the tropics, the sun can pass to the south or to the north, depending on the time of year.

In summary, in order to translate the direction information contained in the honey bee dance, one must know the angle of the waggle run (with respect to gravity) and the compass direction of the sun (which depends on location, date, and time of day).

Figure 2. Round and waggle dance.

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Figure 2. Round and waggle dance.

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Figure 3. Waggle diagram.

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Figure 3. Waggle diagram.

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Figure 4. Correlation between distance and duration.

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Figure 4. Correlation between distance and duration.

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Frisch, Karl von. 1967. The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 566.

Frisch, Karl von. 1976. Bees: Their Vision, Chemical Senses, and Language. Cornell University Press, Revised Edition, Ithaca, N.Y., pp. 157.

Seeley, Thomas D. 1995. The Wisdom of the Hive: The Social Physiology of Honey Bee Colonies. Harvard University Press, pp. 295.

Wenner, Adrian M. and Patrick H. Wells. 1990. Anatomy of A Controversy: The Question of a “Language” Among Bees. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 399.

Figures

Dance diagrams: from von Frisch, 1976 p. 70.

Direction figure: from Barth, F. G. 1982. Insects and Flowers: The Biology of a Partnership. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp.221.

More Information

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