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8. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

By: Steven Frank, Lucy Bradley, Kathleen Moore

This integrated pest management (IPM) chapter from the Extension Gardener Handbook familiarizes readers with a systematic approach to managing insect and animal garden pests in an environmentally responsible manner.

Green June Beetle in the Landscape

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the green June beetle, Cotinus nitida, and provides residential management recommendations.

Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle in the Landscape

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the multi-colored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, and provides residential management recommendations.

Boxelder Bugs in the Landscape

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the boxelder bug, Boisea (Leptocoris) trivittata, and provides residential management recommendations.

Milkweed Bug

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, and provides residential management recommendations.

Puss Caterpillar

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the puss caterpillar, Megalopyge opercularis, and provides residential management recommendations.

7. Diagnostics

By: Mike Munster, David Goforth

This diagnostic chapter of the Extension Gardener handbook outlines a 10-step guide to diagnosing plant problems. It also helps gardeners recognize which plant symptoms are normal and which can be problematic, and how to determine if the problem is biotic or abiotic.

Disease and Insect Management in the Home Orchard

By: Dave Ritchie, Jim Walgenbach Fruit Disease Information

Homeowners who grow fruit in backyards or small orchards find that disease and insect pests often ruin the crop and in some instances damage the tree itself. This publication covers common diseases and insect issues in backyard orchards in North Carolina.

Azalea Lace Bug

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides, and provides residential management recommendations.

Darkwinged Fungus Gnats

By: Steven Frank, Stephen Bambara Entomology Insect Notes

This Entomology Insect Note describes darkwinged fungus gnats, an insect pest of some field crops, shrubs, and houseplants.

Garden millipede in the Landscape

PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the Garden millipede, Oxidus gracilis, and provides residential management recommendations.

Boxwood Mite

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the boxwood mite, Eurytetranychus buxi,, and provides residential management recommendations.

Azalea Caterpillar

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the azalea caterpillar, Datana major, and provides residential management recommendations.

Aphids on Ornamental Landscape Plants

By: Steven Frank Entomology Insect Notes

This Entomology Insect Note describes the biology and control of aphid pests of ornamental trees, shrubs, and flowers.

Japanese Beetles on Ornamental Landscape Plants

By: Steven Frank, James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This Entomology Insect Note describes the biology and control of Japanese beetle adults, which feed on many species of ornamental trees, shrubs, and flowers.

Yellowjackets in the Landscape

By: Steven Frank, James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of yellowjackets— small, social wasps that often nest near or in landscapes.

Pine Bark Adelgid

By: Steven Frank, James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This Entomology Insect Note focuses on the park bark adelgid, Pineus strobi, pests found on white pines in North Carolina.

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (North Carolina)

By: Jim Walgenbach

Brown marmorated stink bug description, life history, damage, and control.

Hibiscus Sawfly

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the hibiscus sawfly, Atomacera decepta, and provides residential management recommendations.

Cecropia Moth

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia.

Rose Midge

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the rose midge, Dasineura rhodophaga, and provides residential management recommendations.

Brown Soft Scale

By: Steven Frank, James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This Entomology Insect Note describes brown soft scale, a common insect pest on trees, shrubs and indoor plants.

Codling Moth

By: Jim Walgenbach

Codling moth description, life history, damage, and control.

Oleander Aphid

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the oleander aphid, Aphis nerii, and provides residential management recommendations.

Cottony Camellia Scale Insect

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the cottony camellia scale, Pulvinaria floccifera, and provides residential management recommendations.

Oriental Fruit Moth

By: Jim Walgenbach

Oriental fruit moth description, life history, damage, and control.

Flower Thrips

By: Steven Frank, James Baker, Stephen Bambara Entomology Insect Notes

This Entomology Insect Note describes flower thrips, insect pests of grasses and flowering plants.

Blue-winged Wasp

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of scoliid wasps, including Scolia dubia.

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

By: Steven Frank, James Baker, Stephen Bambara, Robert Baldwin Entomology Insect Notes

This factsheet describes the biology of the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, and provides residential management recommendations.

Horsehair Worm

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of horsehair worms, Phylum Nematomorpha, parasites of cockroaches, grasshoppers crickets, and other insects.

Aphids in Strawberries

By: Lorena Lopez, Hannah Burrack, Aurora Teonnisson

This factsheet describes aphid biology and management in strawberries.

Tips on Selecting Pest Control Services

By: Sydney Crawley, Michael Waldvogel, Patricia Alder, Christopher Hayes

Choosing a pest management professional can be overwhelming, especially when an online search provides an increasing number of options. In this publication, we will provide advice to help you select a reputable pest control company in the event that you should ever need one.

Cyclamen Mite and Broad Mite in Ornamental Plants

By: James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This Entomology Insect Note describes the biology and control of the cyclamen and broad mites, insect pests of many flowering shrubs and plants.

Periodical Cicadas in the Landscape

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the periodical cicadas, Magicicada septendecim, and five other species.

Oak Treehopper

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology and management of the oak treehopper, Platycotis vitata, and provides residential management recommendations.

Parsleyworm \ Eastern Black Swallowtail

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the black swallowtail, American swallowtail, parsnip swallowtail, parsley swallowtail, celeryworm, caraway worm, and eastern black swallowtail, and provides residential management recommendations.

Complete Southeastern US Pest Control Guide

By: Joe Neal

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) can be defined as a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining cultural, biological, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, aesthetic, health, and environmental risks. A first step in implementing an effective IPM program is to maintain healthy, vigorous plants, which are much less likely to have pest problems. Therefore, an integrated pest management program will also consider cultural practices that lead to healthy and resilient plantings.

Japanese Beetle

By: Jim Walgenbach

Japanese beetle description, life history, damage, and control.

Detachable Woolly Leaf Gall Wasp

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the detachable woolly leaf gall wasp, Andricus quercuslanigera, and provides residential management recommendations.

White Pine Aphid

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the white pine aphid, Cinara strobi, and provides residential management recommendations.

Maple Bladdergall Mite

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the maple bladder gall mite, Vasates quadripedes, and provides residential management recommendations.

Plum Curculio

By: Jim Walgenbach

Plum curculio description, life history, damage, and control.

Basilica Orbweaver Spider

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the basilica orbweaver spider, Mecynogea lemniscata, and provides residential management recommendations.

Lecanium Scale Insects

By: Steven Frank, James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This Entomology Insect Note describes the biology and life cycle of lecanium scale, a tree and shrub pest.

Minute Oak Bark Beetle

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the minute oak bark beetle or the small oak bark beetle, Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus, and provides residential management recommendations.

Giant Conifer Aphids

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the giant conifer aphid, Cinara spp, and provides residential management recommendations.

Spotted Tentiform Leafminer

By: Jim Walgenbach

Spotten tentiform leafminer description, life history, damage, and control.

Citrus Flatid Planthopper

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the citrus flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa, and provides residential management recommendations.

Lesser Peachtree Borer

By: Jim Walgenbach

Lesser peachtree borer description, life history, damage, and control.

Arthropod Pest Control

By: Joe Neal, Juang-Horng Chong, Bill Klingeman, Frank Hale, Adam Dale, Steven Frank

Healthy plants are important components of urban landscapes. These plants, however, are subjected to attacks by a myriad of pests while they are being grown in a nursery or maintained in a landscape. The ultimate goal of a successful ornamental plant pest management program is to improve the quality of plants (nurseries and greenhouses) and plant care services (landscape care operations) while minimizing pesticide use and the negative impacts of pesticide use to the environment, workers, clients, and other non-target organisms. To do so, ornamental plant growers and landscape care professionals have to understand the basic operating principles of integrated pest management, or IPM. The results of IPM can be spectacularly effective when well designed and executed.

Strawberry Clipper Weevils in Strawberry

By: Lorena Lopez, Hannah Burrack Strawberry Insects

This factsheet describes the biology and management of strawberry clipper weevils in commercial strawberry production.

European Red Mite

By: Jim Walgenbach

European red mite description, life history, damage, and control.

Green Fruitworm

By: Jim Walgenbach

Green fruitworm description, life cycle, damage, and control.

Greater Peachtree Borer in the Landscape

By: Steven Frank, Stephen Bambara, James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This factsheet describes the biology of the greater peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitisoa, and provides residential management recommendations.

Citrus Red Mite

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, and provides residential management recommendations.

Tarnished Plant Bug

By: Jim Walgenbach

Tarnished plant bug description, life history, damage, and control.

Green Coneheaded Planthopper

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the green coneheaded planthopper, Acanalonia conica, and provides residential management recommendations. Green coneheaded planthoppers feed on numerous ornamental herbs, shrubs, and trees and secrete a sweet, sticky substance called honeydew in which dark fungi may grow.

Bean Leafroller

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the bean leafroller, Urbanus proteus, and provides residential management recommendations.

Pine Needle Scale

By: Steven Frank, James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the pine needle scale insects, Chionaspis pinifoliae, and provides residential management recommendations.

Dogwood Twig Borer

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the dogwood twig borer, Oberea tripunctata, and provides residential management recommendations.

Lilac Borer \ Ash Clearwing Borer

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the adult lilac borer, Podosesia syringae, and provides residential management recommendations.

Spotted Wing Drosophila in Strawberries

By: Hannah Burrack Strawberry Insects

This factsheet describes the biology and management of spotted wing drosophila in strawberries.

Pansyworm / Variegated Fritillary

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the pansyworm, Euptoieta claudia, the immature stage of the variegated fritillary butterfly, and provides residential management recommendations.

Locust Leafminer

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the locust leafminer, Odontota dorsalis, and provides residential management recommendations.

Redbanded Leafroller

By: Jim Walgenbach

Redbanded leafroller description, life cycle, damage, and control.

Giant Bark Aphid

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the of the giant bark aphid, Longistigma caryae, and provides residential management recommendations.

Juniper Webworm

By: Steven Frank, James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This factsheet describes the biology of the juniper webworm, Dichomeris marginella, and provides residential management recommendations.

Cottonwood Leaf Beetle

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the cottonwood leaf beetle,Chrysomela scripta, and provides residential management recommendations.

Anomala flavipennis Scarab Beetle

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the scarab beetle, Anomala flavipennis, and provides residential management recommendations.

Privet Mite

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology and management of the privet mite, Brevipalpus obovatus, and provides residential management recommendations.

Boxwood Psyllid

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the boxwood psyllid, Cacopsylla buxi, and provides residential management recommendations.

Privet Rust Mite

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the privet rust mite, Aculus ligustri, and provides residential management recommendations.

White Apple Leafhopper

By: Jim Walgenbach

White apple leafhopper description, life history, damage, and control.

Insidious Plant Bug

By: Jim Walgenbach

Insidious plant bug description, life history, and predation.

Minute Cypress Scale Insect

PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the minute cypress scale Insect, Carulaspis minima, and provides residential management recommendations.

Chestnut Brown Bark Beetle

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the chestnut brown bark beetle, Pityogenes hopkinsi, and provides residential management recommendations.

Bald Cypress Rust Mite

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the bald cypress rust mite, Epitrimerus taxodii, and provides residential management recommendations.

Sap Beetles in Strawberries

By: Lorena Lopez, Hannah Burrack, Aurora Toennisson

This factsheet describes sap beetles and their impact on North Carolina strawberries.

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in the Landscape and in the Home

By: Steven Frank, Michael Waldvogel, Stephen Bambara Entomology Insect Notes

This Entomology Insect Note describes the biology and control of the brown marmorated stink bug, insect pests of trees and shrubs as well as homes.

Beech Erineum Mite

By: Steven Frank, James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the beech erineum mite, Aceria ferruginea, and provides residential management recommendations.

Boxwood Pest Management Calendar

By: Steven Frank, James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This insect note contains a pest management calendar for boxwood insect and mite pests.

Hawthorn Lace Bug

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the hawthorn lace bug, Corythucha cydoniae, and provides residential management recommendations.

Common Barklouse

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the common barklouse, Cerastipsocus venosus, and provides residential management recommendations.

Azalea Plant Bug

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the azalea plant bug, Rhinocapsus vanduzeei, and provides residential management recommendations.

Bayberry Leaftier

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the bayberry leaftier, Strepsicrates smithiana, and provides residential management recommendations.

Other Drosophila Species in Strawberries

By: Hannah Burrack Strawberry Insects

This factsheet describes the biology and management of native drosophila species in strawberries.

Earwigs in the Landscape

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of earwigs (order Dermaptera), and provides residential management recommendations.

Strawberry Rootworm on Ornamentals

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the strawberry rootworm, Paria fragariae., and provides residential management recommendations.

Chapter 8. Pest Management

By: Turner Sutton, Jean Harrison, Wayne Mitchem

Grapes are subject to attack by many different pests, including nematodes, fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens, insects, and wildlife, such as deer and birds.Weeds, which compete with the vines for soil moisture and nutrients, may also be included in this list. Recognizing and understanding the nature of these pests is essential to minimizing crop losses.This chapter briefly describes the major pests that routinely threaten bunch grapes in North Carolina and discusses control measures.

Cottony Azalea Scale

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the Cottony Azalea Scale, Pulvinaria ericicola, and provides residential management recommendations.

Maple Pest Management Calendar

By: Steven Frank, James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This insect note contains a pest management calendar for maple.

Oak Pest Management Calendar

By: Steven Frank, James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This insect note contains a pest management calendar for oak insect and mite pests.

Macrodiplosis Gall Midges

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of midges in the genus Macrodiplosis, which cause vein "pocket" galls on the leaves of oaks.

Octotoma Leaf Beetle

By: James Baker PDIC Factsheets

This factsheet describes the biology of the octotoma leaf beetle, Octotoma plicatula, and provides residential management recommendations.

Pyracantha Pest Management Calendar

By: Steven Frank, James Baker Entomology Insect Notes

This factsheet shows when common insect and mite pests of pyracantha are likely to be present.